Environmental Thoughts in Theravada Buddhism

With 95% of the population in Thailand being followers of Theravada Buddhism, influencing the support for local and global environmental concerns is quite possible. Donald K. Swearer in the article â€Å"The Hermeneutic of Buddhist Ecology in Contemporary Thailand: Buddhadasa and Dhammapitaka† states that the Buddhist lifestyle and the early sangha are contributions to aid in living in a constantly dangerously changing world. Swearer believes that there are distinct ecological lessons that can be drawn from the texts and traditions in Thai Buddhism. In this chapter he shows how Buddhadasa Bhikkhu and Phra Prayudh both represent two very distinctive but complementary views to the environment issues within Theravada Buddhism. Buddhadasa's ontologically oriented view of nature as dhamma and the ethic of caring for nature correlates with the idea of EcoBuddhism, while Phra Prayudh is an approach, which is grounded in the reasoning of texts and the historical traditions of ancient Buddhism. Buddhadasa infers that the destruction of nature implies the destruction of dhamma. Swearer explains that to care for nature in linked to a pervasive feeling of human empathy (Pali, anukampa) for all surroundings, therefore caring is considered the active expression of empathy. Believing that to care for nature derives from a selfless, empathetic response in an ethical perspective. Swearer further explains the empathetic concerns for caring for things in at the core of one's being. The care for all needs to be done in their natural conditions, that is to care for things as they really are rather than as one may see fit or as one would like them to be. Phra Prayudh blames the destruction of the environment on a Western world that is flawed by three main beliefs: wrongful idea of nature, bad attitude towards other humans, and the drive for material goods as stated by Swearer. He also states that Phra believes the bases of environmental values are in katannu (gratitude), metta (loving-kindness), and sukha (happiness). This basically translates that being happy and grateful will fill us with compassion and permeate to the environment around. This concept is dealing with an understanding of how our consequences affect the world around us. Phra tells of how monks use forests for their monasteries and are the ideal place to overcome the difficulties in life. He believes that his ecological hermeneutic is based on the early life of Buddha the early sangha in the Pali scriptures. The main problem with the monks delivering their message and ideas to layman is the local government. Sponsel and Natadecha-Sponsel in the next chapter, † The Monastic Community in Thailand† states that even the sangha and the state are subject to corruption and abuse. It is the politics within the sangha can cause problems and inhibit the ability for everyone to realize the potential it can have within Buddhism and the environment. The basis of the sangha is stated as being hierarchical and with its upper levels are conservative the attitude and position on women is not favorable. But even with these issues and problems Buddhism has survived for over 2500 years and is gaining strength. With further understanding in new perspectives Buddhism will eventually become a momentous force in society.

Bullying Essay

Bullying is the use of force, or threat, to abuse, intimidate, or aggressively impose domination over others. Justifications and rationalizations for such behavior sometimes include differences of class, race, religion, gender, sexuality, appearance, behavior, or ability. (Wiki2013) This abuse like many others may not be known to us personally, but that doesn’t mean that we should ignore it. Sometimes given the fact that we are unaware of this abuse we don’t know how serious of a problem it can be. According to the organization against bullying; in recent years, a series of bullying- related suicides in the US, and around the world have drawn attention to the connection between bullying and suicide. Though many adults still see bullying as â€Å"just a part of being a kid†; it is a serious problem that leads to many negative effects for victims, including  suicide. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. Physical bullying involves hurting a person’s body or possessions. Physical bullying includes hitting, pinching, spitting, pushing, pulling, tripping, slapping and taking or breaking someone’s possessions. (Stop bullying.gov 2013) This physical aggression can occur almost anywhere; it can be at work, school, or even at home. For instance, children at school tend to hit their classmates when trying to get their attention. They normally don’t even call the individual by their name; they just hit, slap, or even kick the person to get his or her attention. This behavior is normally repeated with the same person on different occasions. Also, another thing that people do is find the weakest and least amiable person in their school. They gang up on him throw things at him, push him around and as though that wasn’t enough, they push their victims head into the toilet in the rest room. In addition, people at work also exert physical bullying. At times, at work there is a certain person that is the target of unoccupied individuals that are just seeking to humiliate others. This is carried about by actions such as, pulling away their colleagues chair when they are about to sit down. This is repeatedly done to make a mockery of that person. Bullies that perform these actions may not think about the harm being done, but many times the victims have scars from the physical abuse. Furthermore, Emotional bullying is another way of abusing people. Emotional bullying is the use of offensive/ obscene language used by bullies to degrade and demean their victims. (bullying.org) Persons are sometimes targeted because of the way they dress, walk, and talk or even because of their race or religion. Rude remarks are made ab out these persons by their bullies so often, that the victims tend to have low self -esteem and can even be depressed. For instance, I once saw a young lady in junior college that was pestered because she dressed in long skirts and dresses; that didn’t do any kind of drug and was always in mass. This person was mocked, insulted and called names because of her physical appearance and religious preference. In the same way persons who are homosexuals, are often made fun of. These persons are humiliated in every manner possible by bullies, also known in this case as homophobes. Furthermore, constantly spreading rumors about someone is also considered verbal abuse, because the victim is embarrassed by many persons over and  over. These persons that are constantly molested at times also have suicidal thoughts. Therefore, we should all think very well before we insult, or â€Å"innocently† label people with offensive nicknames. Likewise, cyber bullying is just as serious as emotional/ verbal, and physical bullying. According to the organization against bullying, Cyber bullying is when a child, teen, adult, etc, is harassed, humiliated, embarrassed, threatened, or tormented using digital technology. This type of bullying like others is done to publicly embarrass a person. For example, a teenager who took a naked picture of herself for her boyfriend; the picture ended up being uploaded to the internet by her partner. All those who got to see this photo instantly commented making rude remarks and observations about the young lady. Her picture was shared with many other persons just to keep making fun of her unintelligent choice. Moreover, Cyber bullying can also be made through cell phones, via text message , or a call. Some hackers also tend to bully naà ¯ve people. They send text messages telling people you have won a prize, and to redeem the prize you must follow a set of instructions. This is done repeatedly too many persons by the same bully. No prize is ever obtained and in some cases the victims, end up losing money. Hence, we should all be careful about what we post on line or what things are sent via text message, because bullies are just waiting for their next victim. In conclusion, bullying is a form of aggressive behavior or threat towards another individual to intimidate, harm or cause discomfort; this is done repeatedly and intentionally. Bullying can be presented in different ways such as, physical bullying, emotional bullying, and even cyber bullying. As a matter of fact, the victims of this abuse normally don’t do anything to cause being bullied. Not to mention, these individuals don’t even defend themselves from their aggressor. With this in mind let’s try to be more civil and conscious individuals so that some day we may live in peace and harmony. References Bullying and Suicide – Bullying Statistics retrieved from: www.bullyingstatistics.org/content/bullying-and-suicide. Bullying retrieved from: wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying Bullying Definition- StopBullying.gov retrieved from: www.stopbullying.gov

CSR – Fast Food Industry

Since the late 1960's and early 1970's, the term â€Å"corporate social responsibility† has come into common. The concept of CSR has attracted considerable attention in recent years. However, CSR may have confused many corporations whether CSR brings benefits to the corporations, whether it is worthwhile to contribute organizational resources to CSR. Different studies have brought different answers to those questions. In the following paragraphs, we will briefly discuss whether CSR are necessary and the effectiveness of CSR. As the competitors have started showing they are socially responsible, it becomes necessary for a fast food corporation to consider the need and importance of CSR if it wants to stay at an advantaged position in the fast food industry. As consumers have more choices due to globalization and consider more today, it may be necessary for a corporation to show it is socially responsible to attract consumers. According to Scalet and Kelly (2010), people are demanding CSR, the market incentives are following consumer preferences for CSR activities and the market is producing it. In related to the fast food industry, Schroder and McEachern(2005) ‘s research suggests that â€Å"Most respondents favoured an involvement of global fast-food companies in CSR, whether in the context of providing healthy choices, assuring animal welfare or the sponsoring of community activities. They also suggest that fast-food retailers for example McDonald’s and KFC should emphasize on customer health, food quality and CSR activities in order to maintain and have new customers. On the other hand, some studies argue CSR may not be helpful in developing corporations’ brand and gaining advantages. Nicola (2007) describes â€Å"awareness of CR policies is low† and â€Å"consumers do not act on their beliefs about CR – they will continue to buy brands they know to be irresponsible. Product quality and consumer fairness are more important than CSR in consumers’ mind, most consumers agree corporations should have CSR, but only one-third of them consider CSR when shopping and not more than 4% would really not purchase a product due to the corporation's ethical policy (Peter 2007). John (2006) mentions Milton Friedman, the famous economist, has said â€Å"few trends could so thoroughly undermine the very foundations of our free society as the acceptance by corporate officials of a social responsibility other than to make as much money for their stockholders as possible†. Corporation should not have conscience like a human being as a corporation's nature is to maximize returns to its shareholder without breaching the law. These perspectives supporting the need of CSR show the consumers today choose our products not only depending on the quality of our products and service, but also depending on our contribution to CSR activities. As the whole market is producing it, a corporation has to fulfill the consumer demand of CSR in order to remain competitive. However, it assumes consumers are rational and act like what they think about CSR. In fact, consumers are not always rational and their consuming behavior may not consist with their thought. At the same time, there are some other perspectives showing the corporation contribution to CSR may be useless in gaining advantages. It strongly states that consumers focus much more on the product quality and consumer fairness, rather than CSR. Even the consumers know the corporation is irresponsible, they would still buy its products. It makes CSR seems to be less important than what scholars have described. However, CSR not gaining advantages to the corporation doesn’t mean not gaining advantages to the society. As a responsible corporation, it should have a conscience to keep on committing itself to CSR activities. These perspectives focus too much on what a corporation can gain from a society, but not on what a corporation can give to the society. Only obeying to the law is not enough for a responsible corporation. In conclusion, different perspectives may have certain strengths as well as weaknesses in their arguments. These perspectives supporting CSR provide a clear picture of the necessity of CSR by showing the consumers’ demand for CSR activities and indicating fast food corporations should have more CSR activities to maintain their competitiveness. However, it ignores the fact that consumers are not always rational and they may behave differ from what they think. Those perspectives questioning the effectiveness of CSR place a strong emphasis on that fact that CSR is not consumers' priority and the role of a corporation is to maximum profits. However, it focuses too much on the benefits of the corporation rather than the benefits of the society as it puts the role of corporations in a too utilitarian position. On the whole, although we understand much about CSR through the process of analyzing different claims, it is still hard to have a clear conclusion on those perspectives as obvious contradictory findings do exist and it may need a further research.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Management - Essay Example And, of course, they have an advantage in that they are known for offering the lowest prices around. Although a very successful corporation, Walmart does have some weaknesses and challenges. One weakness is that because they have expanded into so many different areas they may lose out to competitors who are more narrowly focused and specialized. They also only have a presence in relatively few countries in addition to the U.S. Yet the fact that Walmart doesn’t have a dominant presence in other countries means that the opportunity to obtain a larger presence in these countries still exists. So even though Walmart is large, there are still opportunities for expansion. One threat to Walmart is that being number one means that you always have a target on your back, so to speak. There will always be competition and price wars with Walmart both locally and globally. Amazon.com, for example, poses a threat to Walmart because they are known for having the lowest prices around as well. Also, the gap that Walmart used to have on low-cost manufacturing is closing and other stores are now able to manufacture for less as well (Marketingteacher.com, 2010). After researching these sources the best strategy for Walmart in the future is to continue to be the low-cost and low-price leader and continue to expand globally. They should also continue to form strategic alliances locally and internationally as they have done so with companies like Stanley Works and America Online (Walmart,

Sustainability and waste management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Sustainability and waste management - Assignment Example 307). These emissions are harmful leading to destruction of the ozone layer and other parts of the universe thus resulting to numerous diseases and poor living standards of the people. Solid waste is not only a major health hazard, but also a breeding zone for harmful insects and dangerous to children growth. Liquid waste if discarded to water bodies leads to unsafe water for human and animal consumption. Harmful fumes released to the air leads to the destruction of the ozone layer and acid rains resulting to harmful rays that cause cancers of the skin and other related diseases. Many states have installed and implemented laws concerning water and air pollution. Since the company is involved in the production of final products that leads to the release of harmful wastes, it’s paramount that the company takes parts in environmental conservation. An action to prevent water and air pollution has been brought up at the national, international and minor levels so as to create awareness of the importance of this national act (El-Haggar, 2007, pg. 354). The company thus has a big role to play to ensure that the waste produced at the manufacturing level is treated before it is disposed. Various legislatures produced at the international level that the company employees should be aware of relates to marine pollution. These laws ensure that waste and any other hazardous material is not discarded in to water bodies. They also prevent spillage of oil from ships and other vessels in international water bodies. An example relating to this is the International Convention on Liability and Compensation for Damage in Connection with the Carriage of Hazardous and Noxious Substances by Sea and the Protocol on Preparedness, Response and Co-operation to Pollution Incidents by Hazardous and Noxious Substances, 2000 Protocol. The European Union has also come up with legislation since 1973 to prioritize water pollution control in European waters.

Econ assignment- 6 questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Econ - 6 questions - Assignment Example b. The autonomous spending multiplier can be estimated as 6.99, [i.e. 1/(1-0. 0.8571) = 1/0.1429 = 6.99] with the marginal propensity to consume valued as 0.8571 (Economicae, â€Å"Autonomous Spending Multipliers†). c. Based on the provided information, the total government expenditures amounted to 2000 and the equilibrium value of real income in this economy has been calculated to be 6900. Thus, the amount of an increase in government spending that would lead to a 1000 increase in real income would be (6900+1000-2000) = 5900. d. The tax rate which needs to change so as to generate a 1000 increase in real income would be [(0.30/6900)*1000] = 0.04 (approximately). In this regard, the simple household income tax rate is 0.30, equilibrium value of real income is 6900 and the increase in real income is expected to be 1000. As household real income and tax rates are identified to be inversely correlated, to generate an additional real income of 1000, the tax rate will be required t o be reduced by 0.04, i.e. to 0.26. QUESTION 2 Let’s assume that in the late 1970s, the U.S. economy was operating at potential output with a natural rate of unemployment of 4 percent. In June 1979, OPEC was able to triple the price of crude oil. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ___leftward_____shift of the ___demand____curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/decreased) ___increased____indicating a (fall/rise) ____rise___ in inflation. Additionally, actual output (rose above/fell below) ____fell below___potential output causing unemployment to (fall/rise) ______rise__. This combination of inflation and output is referred to as ______stagflation___. The newly appointed Chair of the Federal Reserve, Paul Volker, responded by decreasing the money supply, resulting in (decrease/increase) __increase_______in interest rates. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ____leftward__ shift of the _____supply_______ curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/d ecreased) _____increased_____indicating a (fall/rise) ___rise__in inflation and (increase/decrease) _____decrease___in unemployment. In addition, Ronald Regan became president in 1981. His administration cut the tax rate and increased government spending, resulting in new levels of government deficits. This led to a (leftward/rightward) ___rightward___shift of the ___demand___ curve. As a result, the aggregate price level (increased/decreased) __increased____ indicating a (fall/rise) ___rise____ in inflation and unemployment to (fell/rose) ______fell___. QUESTION 3 a. The concepts of ‘off-shoring’ or ‘offshore outsourcing’ is fundamentally related with the shifting of production to any overseas subsidiary by a multinational firm. Moreover, it can also be described as conducting trade in the form of goods and/or services in different foreign nations. With regard to an offshoring model, it can be affirmed that the higher relative wage of skilled labors in the foreign country would eventually result in higher degree of skilled-labor intensiveness in the home country. Similarly, it is to be affirmed that the lower relative wage of high skilled labors in the home country would make skilled-labor intensive related actions less expensive in comparison with the foreign country. Thus, it can be stated that the home country labor market would desire to undertake its different production activities at the lower margin of the value chain for a given product (Chang, â€Å"

CA BUDGET ANALYSIS PAPER Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CA BUDGET ANALYSIS PAPER - Essay Example However, following the 2007 – 2009 global recession that affected all economies including the United States, the education funding programs were slightly affected. For instance, some schools in different states are getting to the New Year with less state funding that it used to be in other years. Most of the sectors are worried with the declining trend in education funding programs (Oliff, Mai, and Palacios 01). There are claims that as the state and nation need new skills to master and adopt new and complex technologies to help in curbing the complex economy, the government shows a decline in state educational investment. Naturally, lack or decline in funding most of the known state funded programs usually leads to gap in running and managing such programs; thus, threatening poor quality in services produced and rendered in such programs. Challenges Facing California on State Funded Programs Following the recession and global economic crisis, nearly all states’ funded programs are affected in one way or the other. In the case of California, the education has since received less funding per student compared to other years (A Parent's Guide to Charter School Funding Challenges 01). These changes in the amount of fund per student affect the education services in the affected school. These effects are feared that may interfere with quality of education in California. Additionally, the changes in funding from states make schools to spend on large facility budgets towards chartering schools. Notably, it is these charters that now pay bills accrued by school including rents. These challenges in the state funded programs cause uncertainty in management that may largely interview with quality of services offered in such programs. Pros and Cons of State Funded Programs The most dangerous part of the state funded programs is that such programs usually operate at the mercies of the state budget. In cases where the state gets broke such programs are usually a ffected and the same usually leads to changes in services delivery in such programs (Leachman and Ma 01). Notably, changes in the service delivery may affect the quality offered following the changes. For instance, following the reduction of the funds remitted to the schools, schools have reacted by reducing numbers of teacher so they may adjust to their budget. It should be noted that as the number of teachers changes, the numbers of students usually remain constant or increases; therefore, burdening the remaining teachers. Few teachers working on many students or pupils will usually lead to poor quality of service delivery. Nonetheless, the state funded programs are usually monitored closely by the funding organ; therefore, such funding usually lead to quality service delivery. Additionally, funding state programs usually easy or reduces burden on other stakeholders. For instance, funding education programs will reduce burden on parents especially those who are unable to pay for t heir children’s education comfortably. Effects of Funding or Not Funding State Funded Programs If state programs are not funded; for instance, if the education is not funded, both the parents and pupils will be affected; however, pupils will be affected immensely since these funded services are directly related to them. As had been mentioned, if education id not funded fully or completely, the affected schools will opt to reducing the number of staff and this will impact greatly on

George Frideric Handel Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

George Frideric Handel - Term Paper Example The boy who would later become a renowned musician was born on 23rd February 1685 (Schoelcher 2). He exhibited ardent interest in music from an early age, although his father objected to his determination to pursue music. Handel’s father conformed to the societal opinion during that time. The people of the 17th and 18th century viewed music as a hobby undeserving of been considering a career. People who exhibited too much passion in hobbies earned a negative reputation in the society. The majority of people sought to have a high profile career, explaining why Handel’s father wanted his son to pursue law, which had a higher societal regard. However, despite this resistance from his father, he strived to learn the organ and the clavichord. His mother helped him in discretion, offering him the clavichord. He learned these organs on his own and made good progress. On one occasion, a duke recognized that he had a talent in music after hearing him playing the organ, and took the initiative of pleading his father. The duke’s efforts bore fruit and Handel’s father allowed him to register for music classes. Handel encountered Zacchau as his first music teacher at the Lutheran church in his hometown when he was eight years old. Through the instruction of Zacchau, he registered fast progress in his musical career, such that at 11, he was excelling in playing the harpsichord, violin, and the organ. Moreover, he gained exemplary skills in composition, harmony, and the counterpoint. At this point, Handel’s father exhibited the conviction that his son had acquired sufficient skills in music, and wanted to bring the music classes to a halt. However, when he got home, his father died a factor that compelled him to pursue the wishes of his father and spend the years that followed studying in order to fulfill his father’s wishes. During this time, he also embarked on enhancing his music knowledge by working with the church by playing the organ and cantatas writing. On attaining the age of 18, he decided to pursue music as his career, with an ardent determination to advance his musical skills. After making that decision in his life, he relocated to Hamburg in Germany (Rockstro 65). Handel’s Musical Career When Handel moved to Hamburg, he had made his determination to nurture his talent, and impact the music industry in a diverse way. Hamburg had earned a name as a renowned center in opera music (Mainwaring 44). This attribute attracted the talented Handel to Hamburg. On arrival, he landed a job in an opera house that was very popular in the city to take the role of playing the violin. Handel proved aggressive by seizing every opportunity to exhibit his talent in the playing other instruments such as the harpsichord. For example, he seized the opportunity presented by the absence of a musician to exhibit his talent in playing the harpsichord. Moreover, he established an acquaintance with Johann Mattheson who wa s four years older. Johann Mattheson demonstrated exemplary talent in composition, singing, and defining music theories. Apparently, Handel was hot-tempered, and he was involved in an ugly argument with Mattheson concerning of the operas by Mattheson (Parker 66). That argument compromised their working relationship, and the two no longer worked together. After spending some time in Hamburg, he gained popularity that appealed the prince of Italy, who invited him to Italy. He

The irrational side of change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The irrational side of change - Essay Example employees, capability building, role modeling by the managers that enable the employees realize the new change of character in their seniors and reinforcement of different mechanisms within the organization. Human nature is usually the major determinant of the level of success in implementing change in an organization. Human nature can hinder the successful implementation of change through the application of the four conditions explained in achieving success. In telling a compelling story, it is likely that not all employees will be impressed it. It is evident that a story that motivates one person will not have the same motivation on another employee. It is important that the employees get to narrate their own change story rather than the leaders being the ones to do so because the employees will be more committed to the result. In role modeling, the executives often believe that they are the core determinants of change in the organization without realizing that they too need to change (Price & Lawson, P. 15, 2003). To realize change it is important that various structures, processes, and systems are reinforced which can be achieved by rewarding the employees on the achievements unexpectedly. This will have a great impact on the organization’s performance because the impression is likely to last in them (Priestland & Hanig, p.113, 2005). Capability building is usually important in implementing change among the employees because what employees feel, belief and think will significantly drive their behavior. Skill building is important in implementing change but the employees should be allowed to practice what they learn and that barriers that hinder employees from practicing new skills should be

Jane's Asylum Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jane's Asylum Research - Essay Example Jane does not wish to do this because her father is abusive to her. She wishes to remain a resident of the U.S., and her uncle in California will become her legal guardian. In order for this to occur, a petition for asylum will need to be filed. While we know that this is the course of action that needs to be taken, there are some present issues that need to be addressed. First, there is the issue of how the petition will need to be filed. According to the Department of justice and other reliable sources, only the parent can file the petition (2002; the City University of New York, 2008; Migration & Refugee Services, 2010). Then, there is the issue of whether or not her uncle can serve as her legal guardian, as refugees under the age of twenty-one are still considered to be children (Refugee Info, 2010; Immihelp ®.com, 1999-2010). Finally, there is the issue of misrepresentation. If a case involving an immigrant is misrepresented, there will be severe consequences for the misrepresentation (Honore, 2005; U.S. Department of State Foreign Affairs, 2009). To be sure that we carefully address each of these issues, a thorough research plan will need to be put into place, making sure that each issue is given careful considerati on. This will be done in the following ways: www.refugeeinfo.org Being that this site is devoted to helping refugees, this will be an excellent resource, since Jane is considered to be a refugee and will need to follow the same process that refugee’s do, in order for her to continue to reside in the U.S. legally. Jane’s rights will only be best defended if we have the proper information about the laws regarding the petition of asylum, as well as concerning the proper processes that will need to be followed. Because knowledge is power, it is important that we have as much of it as possible to insure success of this case. Such knowledge can

Pearl Harbor in relation to Mission Command Structure Term Paper

Pearl Harbor in relation to Mission Command Structure - Term Paper Example Closely following is the authority and capacity to issue actionable commands within the chain of command in order to accomplish a mission. Team building is a very critical part of every mission because every soldier’s life is put in the hands of others in the course of accomplishing a mission as well as ensuring the teams survival. This need to ensure its own survival by humans led to the formation of groups mainly along family and clan lines. The modern military is a more organized structure with in societies that ensures the survival of their people groups and their interests. In an effort to function efficiently these groups developed structures that ensured its survival and order. Pearl Harbor is a classic example of nations fighting for resources in an effort to further its interests and betterment. Groups in primitive societies merged with other similar groups to increase their capacity to increase in wealth (Black). The same thing still happens to date even after these groups had fully evolved into kingdoms and nations. There their defense systems also evolved into national armies as fighting groups were consolidated into one centralized and formal fighting group. These formal fighting groups fought on behalf of their societies and in return were rewarded with payment in terms of money, recognition and honor. Pearl Harbor was a high and glorious moment in history for the Japanese while it was a low one for the Americans, which plunged both countries into World War II. The success of the Japanese was however short-lived as it did not plan and strategies to destroy the whole naval base which cost them a lot. Many nations have gone into war in an effort to procure the better good of their citizens while many others have forced by circumstances beyond their control to participate in wars. Command therefore originates from

Aloha Case Essay Example for Free

Aloha Case Essay 1. What should be Alohas competitive strategy? Low cost? It is difficult for Aloha to compete with the industry giants like Nestle, PG and Phillips Morris on low cost. The reason is simple volume. These industry giants have much higher volume than Aloha and enjoy a tremendous advantage in economies of scale. It is probably suicidal for Aloha to try to adopt a low cost strategy. It will probably be crushed like an ant, unless the giants play â€Å"oligopolists† and charge high prices to maximize profits. Differentiation; i.e., selling gourmet coffee a la. Starbuck? It is probably easier for Aloha to position itself as a gourmet coffee maker, catering to the yuppie type and charging a premium price for a coffee experience different from that offered by â€Å"regular† brands. Differentiation seems to be the choice strategy for small companies in that its success does not rely on size or volume; anyone with little resources but a great idea can be the David that slays the industry Goliaths. Examples abound: Ben Jerry in ice cream and Paul Newman in spaghetti source. In fact, while the case tells us little in this regard, I suspect that Aloha has been able to survive in this competitive industry for all these years and seems to be thriving entirely because it started out occupying a special market niche and positioning its coffee as a gourmet brand. 2. How should the roasting plants, and marketing and purchasing departments be evaluated? Roasting Plants Given the differentiation strategy, the roasting plants should be treated as a profit center, as it is already now. That is because the differentiation strategy can be successfully implemented only if the quality of the coffee lives up to its image as a gourmet brand, and evaluating plant managers on profit, rather on cost alone, motivates the managers to constantly improve the quality of the coffee and maintain it at high levels. In contrast with plant managers evaluated on cost alone, plant managers evaluated on profit are penalized if they sacrifice quality on the altar of cost minimization; when quality declines, so will revenue and profit. On the other hand, if Aloha pursues a low cost strategy, then the plant managers should be evaluated on cost control alone. For a firm adopting a low cost strategy, volume is the king in order to achieve economies of scale and the customers targeted are less conscious of the quality of the coffee brands they drink. Thus, keeping cost down would be the primary objective for the plant managers. Marketing Department Since Aloha positions itself as a gourmet coffee maker, the objective for the marketing department is to keep both the price and gross margins high. Volume would not be very important as the firm knows that it only appeals to a limited group of coffee connoisseurs. Thus, the marketing department should be treated as a revenue center and annual evaluation of its performance should be based on a comparison of actual prices with target prices. Alternatively, marketing could be treated as a â€Å"pseudo† profit center with its â€Å"profit† defined as sales minus standard cost of coffee sold. If a low cost strategy is pursued, then the marketing department should be treated as a revenue center as well. But the focus now is on volume, or more precisely, volume growth. Thus, the marketing manager and his lieutenants should be constantly reminded of the importance of sales growth over time and be rewarded for good sales growth. Purchasing Department The purchasing department currently purchases coffee on both the spot and forwards markets. The policy is to make purchase commitments (forward contracts) based on maximum potential plant requirements and sell the rest on the spot market. That sounds like speculation. One may argue Aloha should meet its need for coffee beans only on the spot market and refrain from the speculation business, which is distracting attention from is main business grinding and selling gourmet coffee. A counter argument is that good coffee traders probably can spot market trends others cannot and are able to reduce the cost of coffee beans by purchasing forward contracts. I question that argument because it is doubtful that any market participants can â€Å"beat the market† and consistently purchase coffee beans on the forwards market at a lower cost than on the spot market. One drawback of the policy of buying forward contracts is it allows the purchasing department to transfer the most costly coffee beans to the plants and make the plants shoulder losses from their trading mistakes. Buying on the spot markets means that the purchased amount is equal to the need of the plants for coffee beans, and thus the purchasing department would not be able to burden the plants with high-cost beans and keep low-cost beans for themselves to boost trading profit. If the purchasing department is forbidden to play the forwards market, performance evaluation for the department is easy. It would be treated as a cost center, and the cost it incurs for coffee bean purchases will be compared with market price averages in the periods that the purchases take place.

Vygotskys Theory of Psychological Development

Vygotskys Theory of Psychological Development Lev Semenovich Vygotsky was born in Russia in 1896, the same year with Piaget. He attended Moscow University and graduated with a degree of law in 1917 just before the start of Russian Revolution (Driscoll, 2005). After a while the Russian revolution where the Marxism replaced, Vygotsky worked in psychology. The new philosophy of the Marxist stressed socialism and collectivism in society. So his views represented Marxist ideas of social change to language and development. Vygotsky also studied various subjects in school such as philosophy, psychology, literature and art. He worked as a teacher at a teacher training institution where he founded a psychology laboratory. His main entry into psychology started with the second Psychoneurological congress in 1924. Vygotsky presented a paper and criticized Pavlovs reflexology theory. After his brilliant presentation performance, Konstantin Kornilov who is the director of Psychological Institute of Moscow University invited Vygotsky for a po sition in university (Gredler, 2005). His dissertation, in 1925,The Psychology of Art, was accepted for the Ph.D. degree. Vygotsky completed manuscripts, articles, and books and edited a journal until his death in 1934 because of tuberculosis. His major writings are about the role of cultural signs and symbols in the development of attention, abstraction, language, memory and reasoning ( Gredler, 2005). Most of his writings were published after his death. His concepts of cultural historical development of cognitive development remained incomplete at his death. After his death some basic concepts fixed with his studies were added his theory. Basic Principles of Vygotskys Sociocultural Theory To understand Vygotskys theory, to look at political environment of his time may be helpful. In 1917, after the Russian revolution, Marxism penetrated all society and emphasized socialism. Sharing between people and co-operating was supported, and the success of any individual was thought as the success of the culture. Marxism also took place on history, believing that every culture could be understood only by examination of the ideas and events that had formed it (Vasta,R., Haith, M.M., Miller,S.A., 1995, as cited in Riddle, 1999). Vygotsky also influenced Marxist theory of social change to language and development (Schunk, 2008). His theory covered these elements in terms of human being development that has been called as a sociocultural approach. According to Vygotsky, the ones development is a result of his own culture and development refers mental development including thought, language and reasoning process. These mental functions were believed to develop through social interactions with people and so represented the shared knowledge of the culture. Vygotksys theory is also a form of dialectical constructivist theory that emphasizes the social environment as a facilitator of development and learning. His sociocultural theory emphasizes interaction between people and their environment. For him, the processes of the human cognitive development are the part of the process of historical development (Schunk, 2008). Briefly, Vygotskys theory is based on the idea that learning begins with social interaction and then knowledge is constructed individually. Vygotskys theory has three basic assumptions. These assumptions are i) nature of human intelligence, ii) biological and sociohistorical lines of psychological development and iii) nature of psychological processes (Driscoll, 2005; Gredler, 2005). Vygotsky thought about the differences between animal and human behavior in terms of psychological development and thought that the behavior of modern cultured adult is the result of two different process of mental development. Firstly, in the human beings, biological factors dominate the early months of life and physical growth is responsible for perception and simple memory, and involuntary attention. The emergence of these mental functions is referred to as primitive development. And sociocultural development is responsible for development of complex mental functions (Gredler, 2005). Secondly, Vygotsky also believed that human mental abilities develop through interaction with the world. Vygotsky investigated how these social interactions turns in to psychological principles In order to explain this phenomenon Vygotsky mention about the terms signalization and signification. According to Vygotskys perspective, a child does not touch a hot stove after putting his hand and feeling pain is an example of signalization (Gredler, 2005). Also, signification process that is a process of assigning meaning to an active stimulus differ human behavior from other animals. These processes are transforming from primitive humans to humans who use signs symbols to change own mental functions. So, Vygotsky believed that psychological development includes the transformation of primitive mental functions to higher mental forms (Gredler, 2005). Vygotsky stated that development does not proceed toward socialization; it is the conversion of social relations into mental functions (as cited in Driscoll, 2005). The social environment influences cognition through its tools such as cultural objects, language and social institutions (Schunk, 2005). According to Vygotsky, humans use tools that develop from the surrounding culture such as speech and writing, to mediate their social environments. So, culture gives opportunities the children with the meanings to, what to think and how to think. Initially children develop these tools to make sense of their worlds as social functions, ways to communicate needs. The tools, cultural signs and symbols, can be technological or psychological. Cognitive change results from; using these tools in social interactions and internalizing and mentally transforming these interactions (Schunk, 2005). Vygotsky also gave importance the emergence of speech in terms of distinguishing humans from other animals. In Vygotksys view, language was the most important psychological tool that influences childrens cognitive development. By acquiring knowledge a child is supported the means to think in new ways and obtains a new cognitive tool for making sense of the world. For Vygotsky, the analysis of thinking and speech was a major task for psychology, and the central problem was the relationship of thought to word (Gredler, 2005). He identified three different stages in childrens use of language. At first, language is primarily used for communication. It refers social speech. For Vygotsky, speech begins to develop independent of thought. And then, thinking becomes verbal and children begin to use egocentric or private speech to guide their own thinking. Both Piaget and Vygotsky observed that as in problem solving situations pre-school children talking to themselves. While Piaget referred th e self directed behavior as egocentric speech, Vygotsky labeled to it as a private speech. He claimed that private speech originated in the childrens interaction with other people and with these interactions; they start to use their parents instructional comments to regulate their own behavior. Private speech such as talking aloud or whispering while performing a task refers speech for oneself. Researches indicated that children tend to increase the amount of self-talk when facing more challenging tasks (Gredler, 2005). Children start using private speech to organize (plan, direct, or evaluate) their behaviors. The use of private speech peaks during  preschool  years and then decreases. For Vygotsky, this decrease with private speech turns first into inner speech and then into verbal thinking. At last stage of language development, egocentric speech becomes inner speech and children start to use inner speech to guide their thinking and actions. The inner speech is speech for one self, not for communication without words (Gredler, 2005). This transition of speech from social to self-directed to internalized reflects the Vygotsky ´s concept of development as a process of internalization. With the internalization of private speech intellectual development that is the path of all higher mental functions occurs. It was described by Vygotsky in his law of the development of higher mental functions. He stated law of the development of higher mental functions: Every function in the childs cultural development appears twice: first, on the social level, and later, on the individual level; first, between people (interpsychological) and then inside the child (intrapsychological). (Vygotsky, 1978; as cited in Gredler, 2005). Acording to Vygotskys view, development of complex mental functions involves two processes; mastering of the external means of cultural development and thinking (language, counting, writing) and learning to use symbols to master and regulate ones own behavior. Briefly, every higher mental function was external or social before it became an internal mental function. And also Karpov and Haywood stated that; All higher mental processes are mediated by such psychological tools as language, signs and symbols. Adults teach these tools to children in the course of their joint activity. After children internalize these tools they function as mediators of the childrens more advanced psychological processes (Karpov Haywood, 1989, as cited in Schunk, 2008). Mediation is the key mechanism in learning and development from Vygotskys perspective. When mediation becomes increasingly internal and symbolic higher mental functions are created. Vygotsky stated that mediation referred that interposing tools between people and their environment, to modify it and obtain benefits (Schunk, 2005). And also mediators such as tools and language help to people to accommodate to their environment. From Vygotskys point of view, higher mental functions include categorical perception, logical memory, abstract thought and voluntary attention (as cited in Gredler, 1992). These are the products of the sociohistorical development. Vygotsky distinguished the higher mental functions from the primitive mental functions. Primitive mental functions are biological in nature and higher mental functions are the part of the social and cultural heritage of child move from social plane to psychological plane, from interpersonal to intrapersonal, from socially regulated to self regulated, from assisted performance to unassisted performance and from social control to self control (Gredler, 2005). Zone of Proximal Development Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is a key concept for Vygotskys theory. ZPD defined from Vygotsky as the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers( Schunk, 2008; Driscoll, 2005). Briefly ZPD refers the gap between what children can do individually and what they can do with assistance from more knowledgeable person. Also Bruner (1984) stated that ZPD reflects activity in which those who have more knowledgeable or are more skilled share that knowledge or skill to accomplish a task with who know less. Vygotsky claimed that learning occurs in this zone (Riddle, 1999). In ZPD teachers and students work together on a task. With the help of more knowledgeable partner the child can complete a task when he cannot do unassisted. Working in ZPD requires a good deal of guided participation. Learners bring their own understanding to social interaction environment and construct meaning by integrating those understanding with their experiences in the context (Schunk, 2000). Level of performances development shows a change from self regulation to social regulation. Gradually require to the assistance decreases and capacity for self regulation increases. The progress in ZDP is gradual from assisted performance to unassisted and self regulated performance (Moll, 1990). The process in the ZDP described as a stage model which includes four stages which focuses on the relationship between social control and self control. In stage 1 learner has very limited capacity to complete task and parent, teacher or more capable peers offer directions and modeling. Learner response is acquiescent and imitative. Learner gradually understands how related the parts of an activity to one another. Understanding develops with conversation (Moll, 1990). In stage 2, there is a change of mental activity from intermental to intramental. Learners start to handle task without assistance. However, performance is not fully developed. In stage 2, self directed speech reflects development of profound significance. Key mechanism of self directed speech is self regulation (Moll, 1990) In stage 3, assistance does not require and assistance is no longer need. Performance is already developed. Task have been internalized and automatized. Vygotsky described this stage as fruits of development (Moll, 1990). And finally in stage 4, it can be thought that learning is lifelong. However, although a concept can be accomplished by an adult, another concept cannot be accomplished (Moll, 1990). For Vygotsky, teacher direct students while scaffolding process in ZPD and try to provide assistance about how the learner can achieve his goal even without the assistance. A Vygotskian teachers aim is creating self-regulated learners. In Vygotskys theory, role of teachers is to provide the guidance required for learners to bridge the distance between their current skill level and a wanted skill level. Educational Applications There are many educational applications of Vygotskys theory. Instructional scaffolding, reciprocal teaching, peer collaboration and apprenticeship are some of these applications (Schunk, 2008). Instructional Scaffolding Although scaffolding is not a Vygotskian term, in order to it fit nicely in the ZPD, it added by Wood, Bruner and Ross in the theory (Schunk, 2008). Instructional scaffolding is also the process of controlling task elements that are beyond learners capabilities (Schunk, 2008). It is the condition of sufficient support to promote learning. Supports can include some resources, a compelling task, templates and guides and guidance on the development of cognitive and social skills. In scaffolding process, the instructor becomes a supportive tool for the student in the zone of proximal development. The characteristics of an ideal teacher are those of a scaffold: provide support, function as a tool, extend the range of the learner, permit attainment of task otherwise possible, use selectively only as needed (Schunk, 2008; Driscoll, 2005). In short, instructor creates a ZPD and provides the scaffolding for students to be successful (Moll, 2001 as cited Schunk, 2008). Moreover, for scaffoldin g process prior knowledge have an important role for Vygotskain teacher. Because, teacher need to give less assistance if there is more prior knowledgeable person. Reciprocal teaching Reciprocal teaching is an instructional activity that takes place in the form of a dialogue between teachers and students regarding segments of text. Teacher and students take turns assuming the role of teacher in leading this dialogue (Schunk, 2008). The purpose of reciprocal teaching is to facilitate a group effort between teacher and students in the task of bringing meaning to the text. The dialogue is structured by the use of summarizing, question generating, clarifying and predicting (Driscoll, 2005; Schunk, 2008). Peer collaboration Peer collaboration is the notion of collective activity. When peers come together to accomplish a task cooperatively, this social interaction can lead learning. If each student has assigned the responsibility, researches showed that cooperative work is most effective (Schunk, 2008). Apprenticeship Apprenticeship is another application of Vygotskys theory. The purpose of cognitive apprenticeship is to help learners to learn the cognitive processes that experts use to overcome complex tasks through guided experience. While operating in ZPD novices and experts works closely in joint work related activities. For instance, student teachers work with cooperating teachers in schools. It is an example of apprenticeship. Apprenticeship is also a form of dialectical constructivism that depends on social interaction (Schunk, 2008). Critics about the Theory Vygotksky seems social interaction as only way of learning. According to Vygotsky all learning is a social process begins as social activities by interacting with other people and people internalize these processes and can use them independently. But researcher states that as it is known that cultures are critical and needed to be thought while explaining learning it is not only constrained social environment (Schunk, 2008). And it is showed that children learn certain concepts which do not depend on social environment (Geary, as cited in Schunk, 2008). However I agree with Vygotsky in terms of explaning learning from social context to individual context. In my opinion, Vygotskys theory is based on the idea that learning begins with social interaction with other people or environment and then knowledge is constructed individually. Implications of Vygotskys theory are considered by researchers as not clear (Wertsch, as cited in Driscoll, 2005). It is thought that there is no answer to the questions how it is explained the differences between the ZDP of children who have similar history and how it is account for the changing relation between subject and child development. I think the effect of the culture and social environment on learning is important. The culture and social environment affect how children can learn. And also we construct meanings and common shared knowledge of a culture. So we affect and are affected from our culture and history. And our leanings can come from this social environment. But it has still not clear enough to understand learning with only sociocultural theory, and how the teaching should be. Conclusion Although new learning approaches appeared in education, since the earlier in the 20th century Vygotkss sociocultural theory has lost influence on learning. Because Vygotksys theory contributed to development of constructivism with Piaget, Dewey, and Glaserfields theories. Many teachers are still using application of Vygotskys theory such as group works, class discussion or guided discovery consciously or unconsciously. And as Vygotksy claimed children begin to learn in social environment in classrooms with social activities by interacting with other people such as peers or teachers and they internalize these processes and can use them independently. Even though researches showed that children learn certain concepts which do not depend on social environment, the sociocultural approach certainly could not explain all human learning alone. It can explain learning particularly in terms of a social environment. Therefore it is termed as dialectical constructivist theory. To sum up, although there are some criticisms to Vygotksys sociocultural theory, it is clear that the study of human development has benefited from this theory from twentieth century to nowadays. It is clear that although Vygotksys theory remained in complete because of his early death, researchers could not ignore his theorys importance for learning and they developed his theory as we know today.

Sociology of Crime and Punishment

Sociology of Crime and Punishment Figuring out why people commit crime has always been the underlying question in criminology. Over the years, a lot of sociologists have developed theories has to why people may commit crimes. Does society have anything to do with why someone commits a crime? Does having a mental diseases has any factor as to why people commit crime? Or could it just simply be because they wanted to? All of the questions run through a sociologists mind when trying to come to one concise answer. Unfortunately, there isnt just one answer to this question, rather there are multiple factors that weigh into why someone may commit a crime. Elijah Anderson, Robert Merton and Walter Reckless, have all developed theories from their own personal research as to why people commit crime. In this paper I will talk about their theory and whether I agree or disagree with their theory. In Elijah Anderson, Code of the Street theory, code referring to a set of informal rules that influences someones public behavior, he categorizes people who live in the street and the decent families, to formulate a sense of inner-city life. The decent families are hard working, has mainstream values and instill them into their children, unlike the street families that are dysfunctional, and seems to have no interest in the childs life. Decent families, seems to be more civil, whereas the street families are angry and are aggressive with their children. These are the children that often use the term come up hard when referring to their childhood. This then leads to the point that people who grew up in a street family home are more likely to commit crimes simply because their parents were not involved in their life. They are also usually the child that hang out on the streets and stay out late. Whereas with decent families, children are taught to stay out of trouble and has a curfew. Many of the children that grew up in street families, value respect and loyalty from others within the streets, and if they were to ever be tested they will retaliate with violence. Robert Mertons strain theory, believes that society place a big part in a person becoming deviant. His theory stated that society places a big emphasis on the American Dream and that we all have to attain it. This then places pressure on an individual in society to conform. Some people choose whether to work hard to achieve those goals or become deviant in order to achieve those goals. Merton felt as though equal opportunity within society to achieve the American Dream was nonexistent, so resolve those strains, people adapt, or in other words Modes of Adaptation. According to Merton there are five modes of adaptation, conformity, innovation, ritualism, and rebellion. Lastly, Walter Recklesss theory believed that there were forces that propel people to commit deviant activities. Such forces are pushes and pulls. Pushes would be psychological or social conditions and pulls are following fellow delinquents. These would be considered two types of containment, outer and inner. Inner refers to self control, a sense of right or wrong and moral or religious beliefs. Outer refers to influential individuals, such as teachers and families as well as authorities. This then leads to the point of, the more likely someone is to conform to societys norms, the less likely they are to participate in deviant behaviors. Out of these three theories, the two main theories that were interesting were Elijah Andersons code of the street theory andÂÂ   Robert Mertons strain theory. In Andersons theory, he mentions that there are two types of families, which I agree with, but what I disagree with is that I dont believe that just because someone grew up in a street family home that they are more likely to commit crimes. For instance, I have heard of stories where the parents are well grounded and are well involved in their childs life, but yet the child becomes a criminal. Other factors such as the child wanting to fit in with a specific crowd that they may consider cool, can have an influence on whether the child develop deviant behaviors to fit in within that group. And on the other hand, I have heard stories of children that grew up into a street family home and they chose a different path in life. They were motivated by their struggling situations, to work hard and pull themselves up by their boot straps, so that they can achieve greater things and become positive forces in society. Now Mertons theory, I seem to agree with completely. Societys emphasis on the American Dream and wealth, can become very strenuous on an individual. Especially because not all individuals can obtain it. People try so hard to conform to societys norms, that they sometimes dont rationalize that their way of conforming may be right or wrong, especially for the poor. This is why many of them resort to stealing and selling drugs. As like many other research, they can sometimes be biases. For example, both Merton and Anderson only looked at children or juvenile delinquents. Like I mentioned before, children are easily persuaded, they often do things to fit in. My question now is, if they were to take all other factors that children have to go through would their theory remain the same?

Abraham Lincoln Essay -- essays research papers

On February 12, 1809 a boy was born unto Thomas and Nancy Lincoln in a one room log cabin on Nolin Creek near Hodgenville, Kentucky. Who would know that this son of a farmer and a boy with not much education would grow up to be not only the 16th President of the United States but also one of the most famous speakers in history. I will chronicle for you some of the most remembered and effective public addresses of President Abraham Lincoln.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lincoln’s rise to presidency was a lengthy one. His first political speech came in 1830 after he and his family moved to Illinois where they settled on undeclared land along the Sangamon River; he was in favor of improving navigation on this river.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At age 24, Lincoln is elected to the Illinois General Assembly and begins his studies in law. Two years later he is re-elected to the Illinois Gen. Assembly and is now a leader of the Whig party. September 9th, 1836 Lincoln receives his law license and in June of 1840 he argues his first case before the Illinois Supreme Court. After being elected to the U.S. House of Representatives, he delivers a speech on the floor of the House against President Polks war policy regarding Mexico. In March of 1849 he makes an appeal before the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the Illinois statute of limitations, but is unsuccessful and leaves politics to practice law. Lincoln’s aptitude in public speaking soon gains him a reputation as an outstanding lawyer and is nicknamed â€Å"honest abe†.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In 1854 he decides to re-enter politics and is elected to Illinois legislature but declines the seat in order to try to become U.S. Senator; however he is again unsuccessful and does not get chosen by the Illinois legislature to be U.S. Senator.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Abe Lincoln was well known in history for his views on anti-slavery laws. On June 26th, 1857, he first speaks against slavery at the Dredd Scott ruling. Dredd Scott was an African-American slave whom was taken by his master, an officer in the U.S. Army from the slave state of Missouri to the free territory of Wisconsin where he lived on free soil for a long period of time. When the Army ordered his master back to Missouri, he took Scott back to that slave state where his master died. In 1846, Scott was helped by Abolitionist lawyers to sue for his free... ...shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free.† The most famous and important Civil War Battle occurred over three summer days, July 1-3, 1863, around the small market town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lincoln was outraged at the number of casualties and on November 19th delivers the Gettysburg Address dedicating the battlefield as a national cemetery. He spoke in his high, penetrating and in a little over two minutes delivered the address, surprising many by its shortness and leaving others quite unimpressed. â€Å"Over time, however, the speech and its words- government of the People, by the People, for the People- have come to symbolize the definition of democracy itself.† Unfortunately, Lincoln’s next tenure as President, is cut short by his untimely death. During the play â€Å"Our American Cousin† at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865, Lincoln was killed by a bullet to the head by John Wilkes Booth. President Abraham Lincoln dies at 7:22 in the morning on April 15, 1865. The public addresses of Abraham Lincoln allow us to learn fundamental aspects of public speaking. Due to his outstanding ability to communicate, teaches us still today, the effectiveness of great speech communication.

Australia :: History

Australia  ¡Ã‚ §The Portuguese were the first to discover the East Coast of Australia ¡Ã‚ ¨ In Australian history books, it has been thought for hundreds of years that Captain Cook from England was the first to discover the east coast of Australia on 28th April 1770. However latest evidence shows that this historic event is inaccurate. A number of relics and remains have been found which indicate the Portuguese arrival at Australia in the early to mid 1500 ¡Ã‚ ¦s, 200 years before Cook. These clues include the Mahogany Ship, a Portuguese caravel that was shipwrecked six miles west of Warrnambool; a stone house at Bittangabee Bay; the Dieppe map, a secret map drawn by the Portuguese; a cannon and five keys found in Geelong. The shipwreck of Mahogany Ship remains Warrnambool ¡Ã‚ ¦s first shipping disaster. The Mahogany Ship is believed to be a Portuguese caravel lost in 1522 in Warrnambool under the command of Cristovao de Mendonca. Prince Henry, the ruler of Portugal at that time, had sent Mendonca and his crew to Australia in order to discover unfound land on the other side of the world that he had located on the French Map, the Dieppe Map that the Portuguese had stolen and copied. Many people believed that the world was a flat saucer but Prince Henry believed that the world was a sphere. Prince Henry wanted to find out if there was in fact such land over the other side of the world as Australia, if it was inhabited and if there was any treasure or valuable things there. This journey had to be kept a secret because the Portuguese were breaking an agreement that they had made with the Spanish. The agreement stated that the Spanish and Portuguese had half of the world each to explore but they could not explore past their boundaries. Mendonca and his crew set out from Portugal in the 1500 ¡Ã‚ ¦s to find out about this new territory. Unfortunately the Mahogany ship was shipwrecked at Warrnambool in Victoria, Australia. Twenty-seven people reported that they saw the Mahogany Ship sink however no one ever found the remains of the caravel. It has been believed that a great storm last century had buried the ship in sand, under sand dunes, but also the last timbers might have been burnt by whalers and locals who were in need of firewood. In July 1999, Mr. Des Williams discovered some wood buried three metres underneath the sand dunes between Warrnambool and Port Fairy.

Toyota Motoring Manufacturing

1) How does the andon procedure work and what are its fundamental aspects? How much does it cost to stop the line? What are the benefits of stopping the line? The andon procedure is adopted by Toyota Motor Manufacturing to ensure quality of their products. It involves the pulling of the andon cord whenever production at a work station is unable to be completed within the cycle time, or whenever any problem is faced. Pulling the andon cord will alert the team leader to the station. If the problem can be corrected immediately, assembly is resumed by pulling the andon cord again. However, if the team leader is unable to solve the problem, the line is stopped. With this process, Toyota is able to manufacture quality products and prevent defective products from being transferred on to the next station. This is in line with Toyota’s principle of jidoka where problems are instantly detected and production is stopped whenever a problem is detected. However, stopping the line will reduce the flow time of the car assembly and flow rate of the production. As more time is required to produce the cars, worker overtime costs will be incurred. According to the case, line stoppages caused a shortfall of 45 cars per shift. These cars could have been sold in the market instead. Thus, line stoppages caused lost revenue (opportunity cost) for these 45 cars. In analyzing the costs for stopping the line, we assume that hourly wage per team leader is set at a 6. 5% premium. We assume 769 team members are spread equally between the two shifts. We assume that each worker causes an average of 1 line stop per shift. The number of shortfalls in a shift is based on that in April 1992 i. e. 45 cars. The breakdown of costs incurred to stop the line is as follows: Hourly Wage per Team MemberHourly Wage per Team Leader (6. 5% premium)Overwage rate per Team MemberOvertime Wage Rate per Team Leader 1718. 10525. 527. 1575 Number of Shortfalls per Shift45 Number of Shifts2 Total Team Members769 No. of Team Members per Shift (769/2)384 Number of Team Leaders per Shift102 Number of Stops per Worker per Shift1 Number of Stops per Shift384 Overtime per Car (57s/3600)hrs0. 0158333 Total Overtime Cost per Shift ($)8950. 4713 Overtime Cost per Stop ($)23. 308519 Lost Revenue per Stop (0. 17 x 18,500 x 45)/384368. 5469 Tota Cost Incurred per Stop ($)391. 86 Benefits of stopping the line is to reduce wastage as defects are detected early and problems can be solved earlier before the defect is passed on to the next station. 2) What are the underlying causes of the problems facing Doug Friesen? The main problem faced is a decrease in run ratio, which measured the numbers of cars actually assemble d in proportion to the number of cars that could have been assembled with no line stoppages, from 95% to 85%. This drop also led to a shortfall of 45 cars per shift, which had to be made up with overtime. The underlying causes are as follow: †¢The combination of seats, which resulted from by the variety of Toyota Camry, has increased the probability of defects or human error. †¢Problems are not solved at the point where the defect is detected and the defective cars remained in the assembly line until they are moved to the Code 1 clinic area for further inspection and quality control. Solving problems at the end of the assembly line could be more difficult or require more time than at the spot where the problem was first detected. This is because the car at the end of the assembly line has already been completely assembled thus, making amendments to specific components could be more challenging. †¢There is a long waiting time for the delivery of replacement seats from KFS to TMM. This led to an increase in inventory in the overflow parking area where the cars waited for KFS’ special delivery. 3) How, if at all, does the current routine for handling defective seats deviate from the principles of the Toyota Production System (TPS)? The current routine deviates from the TPS principles of Jidoka and Just-in-Time (JIT) production. JIT Principle TPSCurrent Routine (deviation) Produces only what was needed, how much was needed, and only when it was needed. Any deviation from true production needs was condemned as waste. Defective cars remain in inventory and some have to wait for replacement seats to be delivered. Cars are not produced at maximum capacity. Thus, consumer demand is not met on time. Jidoka Principle TPSCurrent Routine (deviation) Make any production problems instantly self-evident and stop producing whenever the problem was detected. Insisted on building in quality in the production process and condemned any deviation from value-addition as waste. Does not follow the jidoka principle – instead of stopping production and waiting for the new seat to arrive then fixing the seat before production restarts, Toyota continues with production and only fixes the seats after production ends 4) As Doug Friesen, what would you do to address the seat problem? Where would you focus your attention and solution efforts? What options exist? What would you recommend? Why? There are several solutions to address the seat problem in the manufacturing process. These solutions are non-exclusive and could be implemented together. Solution 1: Decrease the error caused by variability in car seat styles. This can be done by investing in training staff so that they will be proficient in handling the variety of seat styles for respective cars and reduce the defect rate caused by human error. Another way is to assemble the cars in batches based on its respective seat styles as this method of production decreases the chance of human error as well since production will be more uniform. However, batching violates Toyota’s ‘Heijunka’ principle. Solution 2: Toyota could also consider the option of repairing the damaged seat immediately rather than allowing it to through the entire process first and congregating at the end of the line; in other words, to put the practice of jidoka into play. All staff involved in the production line will then have to be more critical in ensuring the best quality of the seats, and stop the production line once a defect is realized. However, repair staff would need to be well equipped to handle the situation. Furthermore, this solution requires the production line to stop, thus incurring costs. Solution 3: Switch to another seat supplier or source for additional suppliers to ease the current load on KFS since the current supplier delivers poor quality of seats which causes the problem in the manufacturing process. However, having more than 1 supplier may result in differences across the finished goods as it is difficult for two suppliers to provide identical seats. Solution 4: Stock safety inventory to use it as a buffer for the defective seats so as to decrease the wait time required to deliver replacement seats. However, having excess seat inventory will incur inventory cost. It is also against the JIT principal which hallmarks Toyota. Solution 5: Seats can be redesign such as changing plastic hooks back to metal to reduce the probability of one of the problems for defective seats, which is a broken hook. The focus of the solution should be aimed at improving the internal process problem which is decreasing the human error caused by variability of car seat style and also improving external process problem which is the quality of the car seats supplier. As show in Exhibit 8, the main cause of defective seats comes from the poor quality of seats delivered by the supplier. Therefore it is vital that we would firstly have to improve the delivered seats and Toyota can do so by bringing up this issue to the management at KFS. Toyota must demand for better quality products and if the problem continues due to poor quality of seats, Toyota should then source for additional suppliers to cover up for the lack of quality sets supplied by KFS. Once the external problem has been handled, Toyota must look at ways to improve the capabilities of its production line staff. By training them to handle the various seat styles for respective cars, it increases the skill level of the workers and hence decreases the probability of making an error. However, Toyota will incur training cost but these costs will reflect savings in the long run if its staff would make less errors hence improving the run ratio of the production line.

Hobbes` Rwandan Leviathan Essay

In 1994 the world publicity was jolted by the events in Rwanda, which later were indite d hold in the history books as Rwanda crisis. According to the local sources, however, this tragedy had been root long before the indicated mannequin, particularly it is report to start in 1990. 1990 is marked by Uganda forces having invaded Rwanda. In addition, this was aggravated by the point that deuce presidents of Burundi were assassinated.In rescript to get the more than complete medical prognosis on the situation before the crisis whiz should be aw are that in 1994 (before the discolor day of the President of Rwanda, Habyari valet de chambrea, killing) in that location were mavin one thousand thousand of displaced pot in Rwanda incessantly fleeing from the north of the country to the capital capital of Rwanda (1, 2006). Hence, to accommodate for solely this wide slew a very huge refugee forces had been drumd. After their President was killed these large number belt along to the city to grab all(prenominal)thing they could.As a result on that point were more than three hundred 000 deaths between 1990 and 1994, which prevents us from limiting the crisis to the year of 1994 unaccompanied (1, 2006). But this was still a preface. In brief, the Rwanda crisis can be set forth as follows The lives of nearly a million people had been taken within cytosine days in 1994, as radical members of the Hutu majority turned on the Tutsi nonage and moderate Hutus, vowing to exterminate the Tutsi and their influence on Rwandan fiat (2, 19944). This massacre was stopped precisely when the Tutsi-dominated Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) threw down the answering genocidal political sympathies.Yet, that developed into an other(a) blood lav with everywhere two million of Hutu refugees question for Burundi, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire (current the Democratic Republic of Congo), and so forth Just five days from July 14 to 18, 1994 about 850,000 people crossed the bump into to Goma in eastern Zaire (2, 19945). flush today these to the undischarged extent, innocent Hutus are deprived of basic human rights and m both fictitious characters are known when their human rights take a crap been ab apply by the RPF (that is now at the helm) and they were returned by force to their Motherland where they do non suck in any rights at all.The major part of the refugees fled out because of attention convinced (owning to Hutu Power propaganda) that the Tutsi were a subhuman race leave behinding to en buckle down and revoke the Hutu people. However, their genocidaires quickly took all over the refugee camps. Instead of safeguard refugees found intimidation, starvation, tortures and death. International humanitarian organizations were uneffective and forced to provide aid finished and through the genocidaires or just leave hundreds of thousands of refugees in trouble and distress.The Rwanda crisis proved how unprepared was the internation al community to dealing with refugee crises that involved threats to pacification and security in the world. What is more, the novel Rwandan government together with their allies from Zaire attacked and wiped the refugee camps by the face of the earth claiming that the camps posed undreamt of and intolerable threat to Rwandan security (3, 2006). Thousands and thousands of refugees were killed.Thousands more fell victims to cholera that set in along with other contagious diseases ( such as dysentery, malaria, and so forth ) as a issue of peoples exhaustion, lack of nourishment and drinking water. One whitethorn cogitate that the described above conflict and crises that follows may definitely be a lustrous example of Hobbes perspicacious theory gibe to which every man lives in fear, as well as the father of rational philosophy did himself. Hobbes once mentioned Fear and I were born twins together (4, 1996 I 11).In his main theoretical bestow and his masterpiece, the Leviath an, Hobbes suggested that there are two modes of carry formation people by entry super Cwealth by acquisition (4, 1996 19 147). With regard to the former, Hobbes supposed that at the face-lift of civilizedization, individuals existed in such postulate of temper, when breeding was a perpetual conflict in which men were one anothers enemies. Furthermore, different individuals had relatively equal occasion, and then being unable to guarantee unfeigned personal security for themselves.As a result, due to such hostile environment, the individual, suffers move fear, and the danger of violent death and a way of life that is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and petty (4, 1996, I 12). Even more, personality hath do men so equal in faculties of body and mind that no man can thereupon claim to himself any pull in to which another may not estimate as well as he (4, 1996, xvii 118). In general, this may be regarded as a society without playing laws and authorities with all m an have a right to everything, and situation when no action can be below the belt (4, 1996, XVII 118).Moreover, the described posit of genius leads, according to Hobbes, to the delay of contendfare war of all over against all, in which human unendingly gestateks to destroy apiece other in an incessant pursuit for supply (4, 1996, XVII 118). However, this is not the war we are used to denote with this word. It is sooner a condition of awareness about enemies than the act of military group itself. Instead of promoting war, Hobbes emphasizes that war cannot bring any benefits or provide any special security. His purpose is to convince the readers that public opinion power would save people from those unnecessary perils caused by the asseverate of nature.Hence, such unfavorable state of nature, as Hobbes puts it, should and will prompt individuals to organize a civil state with a monopolistic self-reliant on the genius by means of force and coercion. such monopoly w ith absolute power will be able to ensure to the individuals safety from other members of their society, as well as cheer from external intrusion. Therefore, from the recognition of the necessity for brotherly regulating and pink of my John people accept to obey to the sovereign. (4, 1996 eighteen 127).Therefore, it would be more accurate to consider Hobbess war to be a kind of contest or contest not the realistic military operations involving victims and bloodshed. It can be compared even to the emulation between two men who want to attract round woman they both like. Moreover, the author of Leviathan himself drives us to this conclusion by the following lyric So that in the nature of man, we grow three principal causes of quarrel. First, competition secondly, reserve thirdly, glory (4, 1996 XVII 119). He explains this again by the human nature, namely its faults all men are by nature provided of notable magnifying glasses (that is their Passions and Self-love,) through which, every little payment appeareth a great grievance alone are impoverished of those perspective glasses, (namely Moral and Civil Science,) to get hold a farre off the miseries that hang over them, and cannot without such payments be avoided. From this point of view, it seems, to my mind, obvious, that Rwanda civil war is not the case of Hobbes state of war. For Hobbes seizure of power meant onward motion of the living conditions of people, even more it was the only way of providing them.The best society organization, from his standpoint, was the commonwealth in the meaning a multitude of people who together consent to a sovereign authority, open up by bowdlerize to have absolute power over them all, for the purpose of providing peace and common apology (4, 1996 XVII124). As it has been mentioned, the purpose of establishing a commonwealth is to escape the state of nature and to provide peace and the common refutation of the people the sovereign is responsible for ensu ring this defense (4, 1996 XVII 124).Remarkably, that the so-called sovereign should not necessarily be a single person it (or he as Hobbes uses denotes it) may be comprised of a group of people who purpose at a common aim. Moreover, the sovereigns task is not limited to promoting safety of the people but according to Hobbes, it covers similarly promotion of sparing well-being of the community, sufficient nutrition, etc. By the latter Hobbes implies distribution of materials conducing to life in concoction, or preparation, and (when concocted) in the conveyance of it, by convenient conduits, to the public use. (4, 1996 XVII 126). Furthermore, ruling from the fact that there is no such state that can fully turn in itself with all necessary resources, as there is no territory under the dominion of one commonwealth, (except it be of very vast extent,) produceth all the things needful for the maintenance of the self-colored body, Hobbes supposes that the state will import goods o r resources from other states through normal flock (4, 1996 18 137). Hence, as we can see the situation with Rwanda coup detat and Hobbes subroutine ad goal of taking power are worlds apart.The same refers to the consequences. Whereas the latter should theoretically results in prosperity of the citizens, the former lead, in fact, to the numerous casualties, famine, etc. Furthermore, in Rwanda there was no realization of rational choices, rather it was the outburst of cultural hostility than an thrust to capture power in order to improve the welfare of the people. In addition, though Hobbes tenet primarily touches upon sovereignty established on the basis of agreement, the scientist maintains that sovereignty reached through acquisition i.e. force entails the same rights and obligations cover by the contract (also called covenant or social contract, which is the act of boastful up certain infixed rights and switchring them to psyche else, on the condition that everyone else involved in devising the contract also concurrently gives up their rights. People agreeing to the contract fulfil only those rights over others that they are contentedness for everyone else to retain over them) (4, 1996 XVIII 139). The only difference is the way in which the sovereign comes to power.If a sovereign comes to rule by institution he is supported because people fear each other. And, in contrast, if he comes to rule by acquisition he is supported because people are hangdog of him himself, which does not goes apart with the theory of state of nature. Hence, in both cases, the people literally enjoy the same rights, whereas in Rwanda they were on the whole deprived of any rights. Nevertheless, for Hobbes the second method can be compared with slave-master relationships (without a slave having right to rebel), in Hobbess own wordsThe master of the handmaid, is master also of all he hath and may take up the use thereof that is to say, of his goods, of his labour, of h is servant, and of his children, as a great deal as he shall think fit. For he holdeth his life of his master, by the covenant of bowing that is, of owning, and authorizing whatsoever the master shall do. And in case the master, if he refuse, kill him, or throw out him into bonds, or otherwise punish him for his disobedience, he is himself the author of the same, and cannot accuse him of injury (4, 1996 XVIII 141).David Gauthier also argues that a servant is just now involved in the decision making calculus of the master instead the servant exists to carry out the formers dictates (5, 2000114). Yet, on the Rwandas example, the people defended and rebelled against their genocidaires, thus, they refused to perform the role of servants presupposed by Hobbes. To sum up, the Rwanda crisis has slide fastener in common with possible transfer to Hobbes model of state organization. It was founded on the ethnic hostilities that caused in the long run transpose of ruling power.Moreover, the purpose of the new government, in my opinion, was not the welfare of the people and the country but mere revenge for historic period of oppression. What is more, the people, though proving to some extent their natural (in accordance with Hobbes) inclination to being enemies to each other, did not resign themselves to the fact that they should be obedient and humble servants but rebelled instead and fought until the last breath. Nevertheless, even if the conflict is do by not the ethnic irritation but the rational choice, I will not recommend Hobbes reform of the society organization.At first glance, the objective and functions of his state seem to be very promising, for example, preserving the society, establishing an native order or peace, defending that peace against external violence, etc so that after all individuals can live peaceably (4, 1996 XVIII145). However, I do not believe in such Utopia as for me it is sheer that Hobbes state has all features of what is consid ered or ca turn in hereafter into the undemocratic state (recall those master-slave relationships, overall power of the sovereign, etc.). Our history has already proven that this form of governing is not applicable and is noncurrent with regard to our world and our life. Whatever the conflicts are, and no matter what leaders come to the rule they should bear in mind that our future is democratic one and there is no place on the earth to dictators and totalitarianism.Bibliography1. Rwanda the striking Genocide Debate. Retrieved from University of Dayton Library on February 14, 2006 http//www. udayton. edu/rwanda/articles/ genocide/noendinsight.html 2. Rwandan apocalypse by Chris McGreal in Goma, Ian Katz from Guardian, Saturday July 23, 1994, p. 4-6. 3. The Rwanda Crisis record of a Genocide 1959-1994, published by Hurst and Company Ltd, 1995. Retrieved on February 14, 2006 from http//www. humanrightsfirst. org 4. Hobbes, doubting Thomas (ed. ) Tuck, Richard Leviathan. Cambridge University Press, 1996 5. Gauthier, D. P. (2000). The logical system of the Leviathan The Moral and Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes. Oxford Oxford University Press, p. 114-116.

Marketing Strategies Essay

Marketing strategies are non in effect(p) and they are just a delirium for different organizations.Agree/Disagree Sultan LashariIn statement Marketing strategies are not trenchant and they are just a delirium does not fit in the parameters of agreeable statement it forces us to consider the health of the statement in impairment of profit impact of market dodge. Marketing strategy many have its share of setbacks in the merchandise moves if that is given the status not being effective. It does not mean holding back proceeds. Companies a great deal desire a balanced proceeds portfolio. (Kotler) To turn trade strategy as just a fad is on the wrong basis, because the strategy changes in terms of several key strategic factors that keep be explored to make changes of the situation.The term fad is a product life pass type and a fad curve represents quick popularity and a sudden decline and ext conclusioned fad except that eternal sleep sales at a fraction of rather sales after the initial success . A sophisticated market planner essential be able to ask the mighty questions and planning strategy must relate to the problem of building right kind of approach which is nothing but a path way to achieve the desired end in competitive market environment. (Forsyth) In prescribe that marketing strategy is shaped to win-win situation that is to be termed effective, it must see that marketing strategy is coordinate around the stage, a particular product is in the product life cycle which has a typic pattern from traditional, boom or classic, fad, extended fad, seasonal worker or fashion, revival or nostalgia and bust. In fad time, sales look likeFADgross revenueTimeIn devising marketing strategy, we must keep in mind that it can single be considered effective if we do not omit the basic fact that product progression has a direct bearing to the stage a product is at in the product life cycle. Formulating and implementing marketing strategy is a dis tinct decision-making focus. Planning and carrying into action the marketing strategy involves many inter-related decisions such as what to do, when to do it, and how it should be done. (Forsyth) This is got to be based on the nature of the organization and its product portfolio. The reason for duty marketing strategies ineffective or different organizations could be attributed to something for saying sake. As a matter of fact, marketing strategies involve various market situations and one lead to make decisions intelligently.The process of formulating and implementing marketing strategies involves corporate objectives and strategy. (Forsyth) The marketing is the game of variable and by placing heavier accent on one or more of the marketing variables that is product, price, promotion and distribution, the winning platform can be labeled. The constitutional marketing concept leaves much to imagination in developing correct mix (Kotler) . In a nutshell, devising marketing str ategies necessitates due diligence on the stage, the product is in the product life cycle because you have to understand market opportunities in or business level objective, for new market entries, for growth markets an or mature and declining markets. This enables the marketers for correct target marketing and product positioning. (Kotler) Works CitedForsyth, P. Every thing you make to know.Kotler, P. Management skills in marketing.

Child and adolescent health Essay

The two most important factors influencing adolescent’s developments are psychological wired and environmental factors. As they grow, they are influenced by environmental factors such as religion, culture, Schools and religion. The psychological many factors that influence their development includes cognitive and emotional other factors (Hall & Braverman, 2014).In the western society, what is missing that would benefit mental health promotion for the adolescents is a focused attention on the diseases clinical most adolescents experience, and the risk factors keyword with their root causes.In case that you or your kid is undergoing mental health difficulties, visit apply your GP or find out more regarding comprehensive CAMHS about the Young Minds web site.There are several areas how that must be addressed when taking sexual history of adolescents. According to Hal & Braverman, (2014), â€Å"5 Ps† are used as a general useful guide for taking the sexual history of ado lescents.Partners- questions should ask the sex, total number and concurrency, sex partners of the adolescentsPractices-the nurse should explore sexual activity other types that the adolescent pained engages in such as oral, anal logical and anal sexProtection- the questions should ask about the teenager’s use condoms and the circumstances own making it easier or harder to use he condomsPast american history of STD-the nurse should ask about the STD history of the teenager. These includes whether the teens old has ever contracted the STDs in Pregnancy.They might not have a natural tendency to commit to day-to-day practice sessions if your poor kid is not interested in turning into a pianist.

Lastly, when leave taking sexual history, one need to consider the partners, practice, and protection, past history of STD logical and prevention.ReferencesHall, C., & Braverman, P. K.Get advice if youre concerned your kid is in danger of hurting themselves or others.(2014). Hot topics in early adolescent health.Merrick, J. (2014).While the approach of the team is they operate in tandem.

adoptive Parents and guardians play a massive role in how our therapy.Adolescents are confronting difficult dilemmas that they will great need to decide for themselves.They are working with a whole body that is beginning to produce their masculine gender evident.Therapy can offer help if you believe you total want help to communicate to your teenager better.

Its thought to be a kind of term psychotherapy that places emphasis on the family system start with the aim of affecting change in the family structure.Behavior therapy is comparable.It many Challenges Adolescence attracts a host of psychological adjustments and challenges.Promoting and self protecting the wellness of children is a target in itself.

Memory: Bullying and Life Essay

My earliest entrepot of my boorhood joy was when I was cardinal historic period old. I was posing on the kitchen contain do endure observeing(a) to my mammary glandma divine service her pass water dinner. I do non c whole up what we forgeed merely I do shoot gobble up forward having diversion with my momma, it was the for the prototypical age clip she taught me how to stool food. I cogitate my mom naked as a jaybird an onion plant and the juice squirted into my spunk it bear so electronegative I screamed and nameed. To this twenty-four hour periodmagazine I salve do non have intercourselyred to arrive at onions when I am prep ardness, for this discernment I imbibe individual else neck the onions for me. I keep backb star of coply time device in prep with my mom and unsounded cacoethes how we legerdemain around when we atomic number 18 in the kitchen. I love that I could express her whatso everthing that is way di scoer(a) on with me in my action when we argon solely in the kitchen select toing to pissher. smell back at these moments in the kitchen with my mom, I recognize much(prenominal) than forever and a twenty-four hours that I deficiencyed to trip give instructioning how to cook when I was tetrad historic period old. We divided up our lives part we were in that kitchen, and she taught me how to consumption umteen distinct types of recipes that I could delectation with numerous types of food. I love how we per centumd disclose things and would mark apiece early(a) our depressed secrets that we would neer sh be with any sensation else. She would a kindred give me advice on problems that I had press release on in my intenttime. In the future, I testament employ this regularity to break a affinity when I gather in my experience daughter. I draw mutilate it on she result crave me how to cook and instal her n unitary by step how wangle daint y food, thats when I testamenting smartly look her closely her life. I sine qua non her to be equal-bodied to draw and rebuke to me nigh any problems that she has and when she postulate a solution, I depart economic aid her fade past it quickly. swearfully we suffer come out maturate the lovely of fellowship that I support with my sop up at angiotensin converting enzyme time and I fate this nooky be a stronger friendly relationship that do- nonhing neer be mazed and throw away bothplace harum-scarum things.My earliest sulphurous repositing of aim was take bullied. I started get bullied when I was jump bosom tame. all(a)(prenominal) lookreal sidereal day when I would go to give instruction, the bullies would be on that point time lag for me to come so they could ballyrag me until I would exclaim out in bird-s contendr of the on the whole school, I was so discomfit and sc be of what they did to me in those days. one-time(pren ominal)s I am stir to arrange my p arnts be bugger off I go int accredit how they go forth reply to the situation. I would get bullied because I didnt view as the depend competent attire that eitherbody else had on and because I was fill out and they would give tongue to that population would neer advert out with me or acquire my friend. I detested that my friends would non dish out me conflict the bullies. They would honourable birth out on that point uninformed and non tie-uping(a) up against the bullies because they did non trust to construct the adjacent marker or get picked on. The bullies overly picked on me because I had a scholarship disability.This convey that I tail non contradict myself because I was loath and could non collar what they were doing to me at school. In snapper school I was a calm down take in who never bothitherd anyone, I was kind and I unbroken to myself. I didnt go through I was contrastive or rotten unti l I started inwardness school. more or lesstimes be bullied makes me witness corresponding I am the solo one get bullied on and I detested that so much. I was verbally and physically bullied e precise day and I couldnt take anymore, I was acquire gravel so much that they currently had goose egg left(a) to crop me down. I stock- legato try to suppose a instructor nonwithstanding she would not perceive to me or moot my story. I was so sc ared for my life and zippo would financial aid me they would right stand there and put-on at me. At one point, I was endlessly acquiring ridiculed by the universal kids and they al shipway called me all sorts of name calling in the goon prevail. acquiring bullied as a child scarred me for life and sometime I fork out a aphonic time for acquire what they did to me and how they did it. quartet old age later, I theorize of back to all of things the bullies did to me and how I could keep back pr yetted it from hap in the maiden place. To this day, it let off makes me holler every time I think approximately it. I musical note kindred I go out never be able to persuade strike the legal injury that was through to me. ordain I ever be a complete individual again? acquire bullied has moved(p) me in so many slipway only if bullies do not rightfully effected nor do they billing how much harassment they are make the kids that they are filling on. I rightfully neediness to certify the kids that are get bullied now to realize that they gouge call down to individual virtually this. When this was occurrence to me I matt-up up so solo and it is abominable to possess no one you muckle turn to for service.It is in addition portentous in having qualifying to school every day astute those kids are getting purpose out of their misery. I hope one day I end utter to kids that are world bullied by other(a)wise kids at school and gain them to speech to a advocate o r the virtuoso to the high schoolest degree whats sacking on. I contract lettered that I tail assemblynot let mickle convey me down because that keep follow me in life. I gull to make certain(predicate) that I stand up for myself and what I believed in because engagement is not termination to drub anything and I convey to be stronger against my enemies that assay to bring me down. I can eer subsist that I leave behind withstand divinity fudge by my side no way out what because I am not in this alone.My most in writing(p) shop of my juvenile insubordination is that I was soft agitated, I had a very volatile mince that I could not chequer during my adolescents years. I was so resentful, despiteful to my parents, my friends and to others that I vexed-boiled badly. I would of all time get in an public debate with psyche that was getting on my restiveness or talk my ears off nigh built in bed that I didnt care some. At some point, I was despairing to settle that I was an cock-a-hoop to my parents and friends because they were not ac cognizeledging me as one. sometimes I practically find equivalent I did not gather in the heed and autonomy that I be.I would get so pale that I slammed the doors and would yell obscenities at peck or my family members that did not deserve to be shout out at in the first place. I would retri entirelyive pass around the set up so that I can clear my full point and think more or less my demeanour and how I was spiteful to my family members and my friends that cared near me and love me so much. I hated that I was gibe comparable to them and that I called them label and damn at them for no priming coat at all. As a teenager, it was hooligan for me to get along with mass that did not like me or did not pauperization to set out with me. In high school, it was hard for me not to crime at the other kids who were axiom bad things about me succession they did not scour sack out me. I had no thinking why would they do that and I sound off never allow for.As I was emergence up, I learned that you should never be mocking to your elders but I was in that arrange where it was leery to do it because other tidy sum were doing it too. I could ordain that I was ever-changing because of my negative attitude and how I was talking to others that were move to help me olfactory perception ruin. I did not intuitive feeling better because I felt like I was still fill with pettishness, frustration, and embossment that I could not see my emotions cause they were all over the place. I didnt even know how to treat my feelings from hatful. As I take large(p) older, I read neuterd my ways because I prayed to graven image that I call fored to change and exit a dissimilar someone that large number go out love and adore. I did not demand to be that daughter that disrespects great deal for no seeming(a) reason. I want be a nicer somebody that will help people with their problems or punishing situations. I want to be able to simpleness my anger and my emotions because I dupet want to do something I will someday mourning doing.