Advantages and Disadvantages of Workplace Collaboration

Focal points and Disadvantages of Workplace Collaboration Free Online Research Papers The way of life of joint effort is solid in today’s working environment. Joint effort is utilized in pretty much every industry in a large number of circumstances. Pared down to its minimum necessities, joint effort can be characterized as â€Å"a dynamic procedure coming about because of formative gathering stages and as a result, creating a union of alternate points of view (Gardner, 2005, p. 2). The achievement or disappointment of cooperation relies upon the attributes of the partners that structure the gathering and the elements of the gathering. Frequently, no conventional preparing with respect to cooperation is given in the work environment. Thus, cooperation endeavors come up short, prompting a diverse assortment of suppositions in regards to whether the focal points exceed the inconveniences or not. This paper will investigate the two sides of the issue. The Phases of Collaboration Joint effort tends to complex issues when it isn't progressively effective to have an individual assume liability for settling the issue. Best case scenario, coordinated effort fits circumstances where the arrangement seems, by all accounts, to be â€Å"imperfect, changing or disparate (Gardner, 2005, p. 10). Coordinated effort has three stages; issue setting, course setting, and organizing (Gardner, 2005). During the difficult setting stage, partners set up their qualifications and aptitude. Next, during the course setting stage, partners concur on the issue and what activities and assets are expected to address it. In conclusion, in the organizing stage, partners actualize what was settled upon in the past stage and distribute jobs, duties and assets (Gardner, 2005). For coordinated effort to be effective, the partners should all have a comparable mental model of what the procedure involves and what results are normal. Stakeholders’ Characteristics Influence Collaboration Correspondence measurements sway joint effort. In this way, the conveyance of substance and how the sender sees the relationship with the other party is significant (Gardner, 2009). Another key component is the worth people ascribe to the correspondence procedure and how much time they contribute in its interest. Besides, the earth for correspondence can likewise shift, as indicated by the flavors of the partners. Up close and personal meetings, mingling, modern programming and texting all encourage cooperation and important connections. As indicated by Pressman (2009), â€Å"the best groups are made out of exceptionally equipped people with in any event a speck of relational abilities and a fair blend of characters and passions† ( ¶ 18). Davies, (2009) proposes that so as to get a group that supplements one another, partners ought to be enlisted based on whether they are thought-situated, individuals arranged or activity arranged. Their master information, capabilities and experience ought to likewise be thought of. Sorts of Collaboration Sorts of cooperation can shift as indicated by the make-up of the individuals and the objectives of the coordinated effort endeavors. The most widely recognized sorts of group joint effort are cross-utilitarian, specific, and organization. In cross-utilitarian joint effort, individuals from the group include differing capacities inside an association, and a shared objective. In specific coordinated effort, colleagues frequently have a similar range of abilities and offer comparative encounters. Furthermore, cooperation can exist as an association, where different divisions meet up to examine the focuses where they cross in the association. The key components to recognizing group coordinated effort are: â€Å"members of the gathering are known, there are clear errand interdependencies, anticipated correspondence, and express courses of events and goals† (Callahan, Schenk, White, 2008,  ¶ 13). Two additional classifications of joint effort likewise exist: network and system. There is a common region of enthusiasm for network coordinated effort, yet the objective is adapting instead of being task based. Then again, arrange coordinated effort begins with singular personal responsibility and gathers to the system as people include their very own insight or conclusions. In any case, there are no jobs or timetables characterized (Callahan, Schenk, White, 2008). Preferences of Workplace Collaboration This segment will inspect what the group found similar to the most significant focal points of work environment coordinated effort. Group B explicitly took a gander at group joint effort and the sub-classifications. The basic factor among these favorable circumstances seems, by all accounts, to be the degree of participation and the compatibility built up between colleagues. Trust (when built up) In collective conditions, participation is the system by which trust is expanded (Gardner, 2005). Trust is a generous preferred position when a gathering can utilize this to their advantage. Certainty can be created and fortified through correspondence between partners, genuineness, tolerating and offering guidance, finishing assignments, and complying with time constraints. Getting errands effectively finished can be troublesome. Nonetheless, finish of undertakings is basic to creating trust. Hurrying through an assignment and pronouncing that the undertaking is done, at that point discovering botches were made, or things were missed, will prompt lost trust. Then again, realizing that time was taken to guarantee an errand is finished, is a decent method of creating trust. Undertaking Management Coordinated effort, similar to cooperation, gives structure and parity concerning ventures. Coordinated effort gives and encourages the conviction, â€Å"For the more noteworthy good,† rather than the conviction, â€Å"What’s in it for me.† This cultivated conviction takes into consideration cross-useful groups to perform at an elevated level of execution, time the board, monetary duty and basic governing rules (Archer, 2004). Time Management The administration of time is a key part in any work relationship and restricted time is an undeniable snag to an effective cooperation exertion which must be overseen in like manner. Synergistic groups understand that coordinated effort is an excursion. All things considered, colleagues frequently incorporate enough time with the task to oblige changes, testing and gatherings (Gardner, 2005). Correspondence Having a feeling of having a place is likewise essential to cooperation. Individuals have a characteristic need to have a place and look for with feel like they are a piece of something. Coordinated effort fills that need. Coordinated effort draws out the best in individuals since it drives better working connections, which manufactures brotherhood between its individuals. For instance, when groups assemble solid specialized approachs, the potential outcomes are inestimable (Marshall, 1995). Through speaking with one another, an abundance of data is passed on. People inside groups gain from one another. Frequently, by tuning in and watching the conduct of others inside the group, individuals learn ranges of abilities that can't be learned in some other manner. Social Relationships The social cosmetics of any group is strangely powerful. It permits individuals to increase a superior viewpoint from encounters of other colleagues, which thus makes the individual colleagues more grounded. The significance of improving individual and colleague qualities depends in the group having various societies, decent variety in work encounters, and a blend of sexual orientations spoke to as needs be. Higher Productivity As indicated by Computerworld, coordinated effort, whenever diverted accurately, gives expanded profitability, which can prompt immense advantages for associations (Teaming Up for Work, 2008). At the point when profitability is expanded, it turns into an impressive preferred position in getting ventures finished. Through coordinated effort, profitability is improved as undertakings become increasingly sensible. Work is practiced all the more quickly, a higher level of missteps are gotten, assets are bottomless, costs are shared, and somebody can step in where another leaves off or can't help. Critical thinking Ventures can appear to be tyrannical. The trouble is arranging them. Having the option to part the obligation makes the task progressively reasonable. In principle, everybody gets the opportunity to chip away at a little assignment adding to the ideal outcome. Having the option to chip away at a little assignment permits greater inclusion on that particular undertaking. The benefit of added commitment to the errands creates a more excellent outcome. Parting assignments is likewise viable when endeavoring to determine complex issues. Drexler and Forrester (1998) accept that cooperative collaboration is the stuff to meet the ever-changing economic situations of today. On account of programming designers, programs are generally separated into little sections alloted to various groups working in equal, which brings about quicker arrangement. Joint effort additionally consolidates the aptitude of the gatherings to create an accord of much better idea choices. A gathering of financial specialists will as a rule outflank a solitary master; the awful feelings in the group will in general offset, with the goal that the normal is shrewd, a preferred position known as the intelligence of the groups (Freedman, 2006, p. 62). Inventiveness and Innovation Development and innovativeness can be favorable circumstances of joint effort, yet they should be separated into their components †motivation, creation and execution. Without every one of the three components, there is no favorable position. Motivation originates from a powerful situation, innovation from bedlam, and execution from structure and arranging. Cross-useful groups appear to be more inventive than different kinds of groups in light of the fact that these groups give those components (Spencer, 2008). Weaknesses of Workplace Collaboration Subsequent to investigating, Team B discovered that the quantity of weaknesses related with joint effort rises to the points of interest. This area will clarify what the group saw as the most basic burdens. Broad Time and Effort Required to Manage Collaboration Effectively Each venture will be tedious. The trouble is finding an opportunity to finish the task, and simultaneously, work

Friedman Family Assessment Free Essays

Friedman Family Assessment Darla Lauer NUR/405 August 27, 2012 Beth Edwards, MSN, FNP †BC Friedman Family Assessment coming up next is an investigation of a family utilizing the Friedman Family Assessment. â€Å"Public wellbeing medical attendants must have aptitudes to move skillfully between working with singular families, connect connections among families and the network, and promoter for family and network enacting and impact strategies that advance and ensure the soundness of populations† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 600). We will compose a custom exposition test on Friedman Family Assessment or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Distinguishing Data and Composition The individual distinguishing data, for example, complete name, address, and telephone number are not utilized so the family’s personality stays classified. The appraisal of the family uncovered a perplexing framework. This is an atomic/mixed family with customary male/female jobs. Every life partner has two youngsters from past relationships. Those kids are developed, hitched with kids, and live in various urban communities. They share a child matured 12. Every part carries their own desires to the gathering. Their dress, dietary patterns, and wellbeing sees are regular of white collar class American. They eat three fundamental dinners daily with snacks and are exceptionally mindful of caloric equalization. LB expresses that she has a customary hunger be that as it may, she additionally expresses that she has shed 51 pounds this previous year. Her present weight is 169 pounds and she is 5 foot 7 inches. LB has a weight file (BMI) of 25. 5, which is overweight, as indicated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (â€Å"Centers For Disease Control And Prevention†, n. d. ). JB is 5 foot 9 inches and 190 pounds. Abdominal muscle is 5 foot 5 inches and 110 pounds. They see the specialist each a few months every year as educated for wellbeing registration. The ethnic cosmetics of the relatives shows LB is white, conceived, and raised in New York. JB is Hispanic, conceived, and raised in Puerto Rico. Abdominal muscle is White/Hispanic, conceived, and raised in Orlando, FL. They express their strict inclination is Catholic, however seldom go to formal church. LB has a confirmation degree and fills in as an enlisted nurture. JB is a repairman and has a twelfth-grade instructive level, accomplished in Puerto Rico. Stomach muscle is going to seventh grade at Deltona Middle School. As per â€Å"The New York Times† (n. d. ), this family is â€Å"upper-center class† (Class Matters A Special Section). LB likes to cook, breed German Shepherd canines, and read. She is effectively engaged with the Democratic Party and has met President Obama a few times. JB likes to watch sports or work on his task rebuilding vehicle. Stomach muscle is engaged with baseball and numerous days are spent at training or games. Formative State and History of Family This family is by and by in Friedman’s fourth phase of advancement, family with school matured youngsters. The â€Å"Family formative and life cycle hypothesis clarifies and predicts the progressions that happen to families and its individuals over time† (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008, p. 10). The primary errands of worry in this family is to associate the common kid, including advancing school accomplishment and encouraging of sound friend relations of the youngster. Different undertakings for this stage are keeping up a fantastic conjugal relationship and meeting the physical wellbeing needs of relatives (Friedman, 1998). The family seems, by all accounts, to be achieving their errands well and will before long progress to Friedman’s fifth condition of improvement. Right now, LB is in genuinely acceptable wellbeing, she has shed pounds and her rheumatoid joint inflammation is very much kept up. She takes Methotrexate 25 mg PO week by week. JB is healthy with the exception of hypertension that is kept up taking drugs, He takes Amlodipine-Benaz 10/40 mg 1 po qd and Hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg po 1 qd. LB and JB share family tasks, for example, clothing and the cooking. Abdominal muscle has tasks doled out, for example, taking out the junk, yard work, and he is liable for his room and his washroom. LB was conceived in America on July14, 1962 to Italian American guardians. JB was conceived in Puerto Rico on March 28, 1963, and his one enduring guardian, mother, despite everything dwells in Puerto Rico. LB finished secondary school in New York and proceeded to finish a certificate nursing program in 1987. She was hitched once already and has two developed youngsters from that marriage. JB finished secondary school in Puerto Rico, moved to the United States when he was 24. He was hitched once already and has two developed youngsters from that marriage. He fills in as a technician. Stomach muscle is by and by in seventh grade. Ecological Data The family’s home was worked in 1985 and is 2500 sq. ft. what's more, is one level. Entering through the front entryway, the primary lounge room, eating, and kitchen region are visible. It is an open floor plan with the rooms all on one side of the house. There are four rooms and more than two showers. A room is an office for both LB and JB. The whole deck structure is tile. They are on the city water. There are two pooches in the home. There are working carbon monoxide identifiers and smoke alarms in the house. The house is extremely flawless, clean, and sorted out. They live in a rural neighborhood; the nearest neighbor is inside 100 feet. The nearest family members they see all the time are JB’s mother who visits once every year. Else, they depend on companions and neighbors for help. The nearest emergency clinic is roughly ten minutes away and the neighborhood fire and police headquarters are around five minutes away. While there is wrongdoing in the zone, it is typically little league burglary as announced by LB and JB. The climate of the area is of a more established turn of events. The area is spotless, all around kept up, and youngsters can be seen playing in the yards. LB and JB moved to this current area 20 years prior. Before that they lived independently. LB, JB, and AB are occupied and invest the vast majority of their free energy at home. The two guardians are dynamic with AB’s baseball crew and LB is the group mother. JB fills in as an associate mentor when required. Family Structure and Functions Communication designs in the family are open. LB and JB are open, legit, and have a decent comical inclination with respect to their marriage, past relationships, youngsters, and point of view. LB and JB are educated about each others’ ailments. The qualities the family has are difficult work, open, and characterize themselves profoundly as Catholics, be that as it may, non-rehearsing. LB and JB state they share all choices with respect to home, kids, and funds. LB deals with the banking and financial plan. LB sets the menu, and shopping for food is done together. They share the preparing for supper and express that they by and large have supper all together. Full of feeling and socialization works in this family are ordinary. LB and JB give the consideration and love most appropriate to show AB the aptitudes, qualities, and standards of society and their subculture. Warmth is shown by embracing, contacting, and verbalization. The wellbeing of the family is the critical to LB and JB. LB regulates the entirety of this as she is a medical attendant. Wellbeing is viewed as dealing with their interminable ailment forms, remaining fit, and practicing good eating habits. LB doesn't smoke, nonetheless, JB confesses to smoking irregularly with either a cigarette or stogie. He reports continually smoking outside the home. The whole family gets consistently suggested immunizations. LB has expanded her activity routine and joined a rec center. In spite of the fact that not overweight, JB infrequently works out. Stomach muscle is dynamic and typical multi year-old. Dental wellbeing has not been a need for the grown-up relatives however they report that AB has had customary dental registration and cleaning finished. Family Stress and Coping The family together exhorted me that there are no significant burdens at the present time. LB and JB both verbalize worry over financial matters and the eventual fate of their occupations and capacity to keep up their way of life should the monetary viewpoint decline for the nation. LB likewise verbalizes her anxiety that her rheumatoid joint pain that has caused some joint deformation could compound. She sees an adjustment in the fine engine ability of her hands and quality. Stomach muscle states he stresses his group won't win their division. The two guardians demonstrate that they routinely plunk down with AB and examine what is happening in school and in his life as a rule. The family shows that they have family round table conversations concerning any significant issues. The family consciously tuned in and utilized great discussion aptitudes without assaulting each other all through the meeting. Family Nursing Diagnoses The need nursing conclusion for this family is debilitated dentition identified with insufficient oral cleanliness as prove by LB and JB’s gum disintegration, missing teeth, and staining of polish. Another nursing analysis is weakened physical portability identified with musculoskeletal debilitation as prove by LB’s joint contortion, protests of diminished fine engine ability, and quality. A third analysis is inadequate aviation route leeway identified with smoke inward breath as confirm by JB’s verbalization of smoking (Ladwig Ackley, 2011). Network Health Nursing Interventions For the need nursing analysis, one intercession is to suggest LB and JB consider a to be at the earliest opportunity. Suggest utilizing a revolution wavering force toothbrush for expulsion of dental plaque a few times each day. Another intercession is to find out the family’s present information on dental cleanliness and instruct family on legitimate mechanics of brushing teeth, the utilization of floss, and brushing the tongue. A third intercession, prescribing that the family keep on eating a reasonable eating regimen and breaking point straightforward sugars and carbonated soft drinks. It is basic that a medical caretaker complete an exhaustive evaluation on all customers. â€Å"Using phenomenal relational abilities, attendants assist families with deciding the need of issues they are facing, recognize their necessities

Attachment Anxiety Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping

Attachment Anxiety Symptoms, Risk Factors, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Coping More in Social Anxiety Disorder Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment and Therapy Coping Work and School Related Conditions In This Article Table of Contents Expand Background Symptoms Causes Diagnosis Treatment Coping Attachment anxiety refers to anxiety experienced about your relationships with significant others including parents, friends, and partners. Attachment anxiety generally stems from childhood experiences but can persist into adulthood and negatively affect all relationships if not properly addressed. Background Attachment theory, which is the underlying premise behind our understanding of attachment anxiety, was first proposed by psychologist John Bowlby in the 1950s. Bowlby argued that your sense of security as a child is critical to your attachment style as an adult. In addition, how you are treated throughout your life shapes what you expect as far as how others will support you. In other words, how you answer the question, If I am upset, I can count on my partner is a reflection of what youve learned and how youve been treated throughout your life. Its a model both of how you expect others to treat you as well as how you perceive yourself. In general, it is accepted that there are four adult attachment styles: secureanxious preoccupied (I need people but they dont want to be with me)dismissive avoidant (I depend on nobody)fearful avoidant (Im afraid to get hurt) The last three styles are all insecure and reflect poor functioning in relationships. How Attachment Theory Works Symptoms How do people with attachment anxiety behave? Below is an overview of some of the most common symptoms: hypersensitivity to rejection and abandonmentconstant need for contact and support from othersfear of being underappreciatedyearning to feel closer and more secure with othersnegative self-view or self-worthpositive view of ones partnerworry over losing a partnervigilance to signs that a partner is pulling awaybehaviors that smother or drive their partner awaya need to increase feelings of securityfeeling unsure if a partner can be counted on Causes We know that anxiety tends to have a genetic component. Children as young as four months of age can show signs of behavioral disinhibition (fast-beating heart, fear of strangers), which is linked to later separation anxiety. However, attachment anxiety may also result from experiences during childhood or later in life. These can include overprotective parents, abuse, or neglect. Attachment serves to protect a child in terms of survival. A child will experience anxiety and seek comfort from a parent. If that child does not succeed in receiving comfort from attachment figures, a feeling of security is not developed, which means that fear, anxiety, and distress remain elevated. This could repeat itself through life in terms of friendships and relationships in which others do not provide expected comfort. Diagnosis Attachment anxiety is not an official diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5). Rather, it is generally considered to be a symptom to be addressed on its own. In general, its thought that about 50% of the population has a secure attachment style, while the rest fall into the various insecure styles. However, separation anxiety disorder is an anxiety disorder related to attachment that generally is diagnosed around age six or seven. Children with separation anxiety disorder may refuse to go to school, fear being separated from parents, have nightmares, and experience physical complaints like headache or stomachache. While most children outgrow this issue, it can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Another related diagnosis is reactive attachment disorder. Children with this disorder do not seek comfort when distressed or do not respond to it. They may also lack responsiveness to others, have limited positive affect, and unexplained irritability. This disorder results from neglect during childhood. Treatment Attachment anxiety has been shown to respond to various types of therapy including interpersonal therapy (IPT) and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). In fact, attachment anxiety responds better to treatment than does avoidance styles of attachment. If a person has both attachment anxiety as well as a diagnosed anxiety disorder, medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may also be prescribed. Coping Most people with attachment anxiety use ineffective coping strategies that escalate their anxiety, such as checking in on a partner frequently. This keeps the attachment anxiety level elevated and leads to relationships that are strained. Its important to identify helpful coping strategies because having a secure attachment style will make you a more compassionate person overall. Strategies Learn about attachment anxiety so you have a better understanding of the issue.Keep a journal about your thoughts, feelings, and reactions.Find a therapist with experience helping people move from insecure to secure attachment. Discuss your childhood and life experiences that might have contributed to your current attachment anxiety.Decide to move forward and make new choices that support the life you want now, instead of focusing on how youve been treated in the past.Choose a partner who has a secure attachment style, and recognize if your partners attachment style is contributing to your attachment anxiety.Recognize people who are likely to trigger your attachment anxiety.Attend couples therapy if your partner does not have a secure attachment style.Attend family therapy if there are family issues preventing you from moving forward and overcoming attachment anxiety. Coping With an Insecure Attachment Style A Word From Verywell Attachment anxiety is not enjoyable to have. It can ruin relationships and make you feel insecure and lacking confidence in the future. In contrast, if you can move to a secure attachment style, you will be more likely to choose partners who help support you. In general, thats a win-win situation that will lead to a more fulfilling life. Youll no longer be focused on being abandoned or not supported; rather, youll be able to focus on the positive aspects of your relationship. What Does It Mean When a Child Has an Attachment Disorder?

Economic Policies Pave The Roadway For How America Operates

Main Themes Economic policies pave the roadway for how America operates. It determines the successfulness of the country or the downfall. When we look at today s biggest problems such as; social security, globalization, poverty, immigration, etc. there is a common theme. That is, that the state of our economy impacts all them. In the book, Crunch: Why Do I Feel So Squeezed (And Other Unsolved Economic Mysteries)? Written by Jared Bernstein, he delves into exactly how the economy can tie together so many aspects of our daily lives. He does a great job of explaining that ordinary citizens are affected by economics just as much as, if not more than, top leaders. The main themes that the book focuses on is why certain institutions like our healthcare system are failing. He also investigates why the middle class was hit the hardest by the 2007 recession. He concluded that economics is about power, and the middle class did not hold any. Another main theme he comes back to is that economics has been hijacked by the rich and powerful, and they do not have regard for the â€Å"everyday people†. Everything from tax cuts to rising educations costs was not done with the middle class in mind. However, they are the ones who are hit the hardest with it. The middle class is expected to keep up with trends such as obtaining a higher education, taking out mortgages for new houses and seeking out childcare. But, yet due to inflation, incomes are not being raised enough to meet theseShow MoreRelatedA New Economic Vision For America s Infrastructure4827 Words   |  20 PagesThe Way Forward A New Economic Vision for America’s Infrastructure May 2014 By Robert Puentes, The Brookings Institution Bruce Katz, The Brookings Institution Marc Lipschult z, KKR Raj Agrawal, KKR Summary Disruptive market, demographic, fiscal, and environmental dynamics are fundamentally reshaping America’s economic landscape. In this new reality, the United States should think of infrastructure not in the general but in the specific, understanding the ways in which different infrastructure sectors—suchRead MoreStrategic Role of Logistics in Kazakhstan21048 Words   |  85 Pagesas 25% out of total cost of final product while the world average is on the level of 11%. In China the logistics cost is 14%, European Union – 11%, USA and Canada – 10%. As a result Kazakhstan spends twice more money than developed countries. The economics of Kazakhstan is 5 times less effective according to the index of traffic load. So, each unit of GDP in dollar terms accounts on 9 tonne-kilometer of transport work, at the same time the load capacity in European Union is less than 1 tonne-kilometerRead MoreStrategic Role of Logistics in Kazakhstan21063 Words   |  85 Pagesas 25% out of total cost of final product while the world average is on the level of 11%. In China the logistics cost is 14%, European Union – 11%, USA and Canada – 10%. As a result Kazakhstan spends twice more money than developed countries. The economics of Kazakhstan is 5 times less effective according to the index of traffic load. So, each unit of GDP in dollar terms accounts on 9 tonne-kilometer of transport work, at the same time the load capacity in European Union is less than 1 tonne-kilometerRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesreproduced, with permission, in this textbook appear on the appropriate page within text. Copyright  © 2013, 2011, 2009, 2007, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying

Consumer Theory and Horizontal Axis - 45363 Words

Chapter 2 1. A consumer prefers more to less of every good. Her income rises, and the price of one of the goods falls while other prices stay constant. These changes must have made her better of. TRUE 2. A decrease in income pivots the budget line around the bundle initially consumed. FALSE 3. If all prices are doubled and money income is left the same, the budget set does not change because relative prices don t change. FALSE 4. If all prices double and income triples, then the budget line will become steeper. FALSE 5. If good 1 is measured on the horizontal axis and good 2 is measured on the vertical axis, and if the price of good 1 is p1 and the price of good 2 is p2; then the slope of the budget line is ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½p2=p1.†¦show more content†¦6. Edmund must pay $6 each for punk rock video casettes, V . If Edmund is paid $24 per sack for accepting garbage, G; and if his relatives send him an allowance of $168, then his budget line is described by the equation: (c) 6V ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ 24G = 168. 7. Edmund must pay $6 each for punk rock video casettes, V . If Edmund is paid $24 per sack for accepting garbage, G; and if his relatives send him an allowance of $192, then his budget line is described by the equation: (c) 6V ï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½ 24G = 192. 8. Eduardo spends his entire income on 12 sacks of acorns and 2 crates of butternuts. The price of acorns is 2 dollars per sack and his income is 34 dollars. He can just afford a commodity bundle with A sacks of acorns and B crates of butternuts which satisffies the budget equation: (b) 4A+ 10B = 68. 9. Harry thrives on two goods, paperback novels and bananas. The cost of paperback novels is 4 dollars each and the cost of bananas is 3 dollars per bunch.If Harry spent all of his income on bananas, he could afford 12 bunches of bananas per week. How many paperback novels could he buy if he spent all of his income on paperback novels?(c) 9 10. Heidi thrives on two goods: bananas and apples. The cost of bananas is 30 marks eac h and the cost of apples is 15 marks each. If her income is 210 marks, how many bananas can she buy if she spends all of her income on bananas? (b) 7 11. If she spends all of her income on lemons and tangerines, Isabella can just afford 30Show MoreRelatedKey to Success in Econ1648 Words   |  7 Pageswlang highlight mali un.. haha 1 Suppose that a consumer’s income triples. However, at the same time, both the price of and the price of also triple. This consumer has experienced Response: no change in purchasing power. * Edit Question 2 Suppose the price of is PhP20 and the price of is PhP10 and that good is plotted on the horizontal axis. If the price of doubles and the price of triples, leaving the consumer’s income unchanged, the budget line Response: will shift out from the origin. Read MoreManagement Models Of Management Model1203 Words   |  5 PagesFramework (CVF) and current examples demonstrating two models within the CVF. A simple search in Google or a quick browse through the library proves that vast models of management exist. Joan Magretta, author of What Management Is, describes models as theories that help managers â€Å"to see patterns, separate what matters from what doesn’t, to ask the right questions† (Magretta, 2002, p.10). Management models help address and solve issues that businesses face. Throughout history, well-known theorists suchRead MoreDemand Curve and Supply Curve2333 Words   |  10 Pagesaggregate supply. The AD-AS or Aggregate Demand-Aggregate Supply model is a macroeconomic model that explains price level and output through the relationship of aggregate demand and aggregate supply. It is based on the theory of John Maynard Keynes presented in his work â€Å"The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money†. It is one of the primary simplified representations in the modern field of macroeconomics and is used by a broad array of economists, from liber tarian, monetarist supporters of laissez-faireRead MoreQuestions on Consumers Budget1358 Words   |  6 PagesFigure 21-1. Assume that a consumer faces both budget constraints in graph (a) and graph (b) on two different occasions. If her income has remained constant, what has happened to prices? a. The price of X in graph (a) is higher than the price of X in graph (b). b. The price of Y in graph (a) is higher than the price of Y in graph (b). c. The prices of both X and Y are lower in graph (a). d. None of the above is true. ANS: A 3. Refer to Figure 21-1. Assume that a consumer faces the budget constraintRead MoreInnovation Within The World : Apple Iphone1684 Words   |  7 Pagesmore established manufacturers in a fast growing market. This allowed Apple to instantly place a stamp on the market with fresh, new touch screen technology that immediately appealed to consumers. Each adaptation was well received and progressed the technical capability and allowed them to drip feed the consumer with modest but tangible improvements. The iPhone evolved and the audience engaged with the developments that were made. The creator of the iPhone, Steve Jobs, can be summed up by the wordsRead MoreMicroeconomics/Macroeconomics Chapter 1 Questions and Answers5717 Words   |  23 Pagesto the long-term growth trend of the economy; also called business cycles. Use PowerPoint slide 22 for the following section The Science of Economic Analysis The Role of Theory: An economic theory is a simplification of economic reality that is used to make predictions about the real world. An economic theory captures the important elements of the problem under study. Use PowerPoint slides 23-26 for the following section The Scientific Method: A four-step process of theoretical investigation: Read MoreLeadership in the Retail Work Environment: Macys Case Study1312 Words   |  5 Pages4 jobs is retail oriented. As such the industry is very important in regards to economic growth and prosperity. In light of the current global economic downturn, retailers are realizing a decrease in discretionary spending on the part of consumers. Many consumers are spending less, saving more, deleveraging, and otherwise getting their personal balance sheets in order. This has caused some complications in regards to the overall work environment within the retail spectrum. One such example comes fromRead MoreThe Legacy Of Alfred Marshall1578 Words   |  7 Pagessciences in 1868. In 1885 he became professor of political economy at Cambridge where he remained until his retirement. Is important to highlight that Marshall founded the â€Å"Cambridge School† and the The topic studied were the increasing returns, the theory of the firm, and welfare economics. He published many of books including â€Å"Principles of Economics† and it was the dominant economic textbook in England for many years. In this we can mainly find the topic of supply and demand, marginal utility, andRead MoreReview Of Lucy Craymer, Us Demand Lifts Australian Beef Prices1511 Words   |  7 Pagestoo much longer, with the US slowly populating their cattle since the drought (Craymer 2015). Introduction The following essay discusses the economic theories in which the article relates to. The theories discussed in the article are demand and supply, economic efficiency, elasticity and total revenue. The following essay will discuss the theories in detail, concentrating on the response the market had to the demand and how they achieved equilibrium. Article Analysis Price Elasticity Total RevenueRead MoreInternal Auditor Essay1103 Words   |  5 Pagesallocate yourself 1.5 minutes per multiple choice question (i.e. a total of 30 minutes). This is NOT an open book exam. Choose the best answer from a), b), c), d) or e). Q1 Economics is the study of a) the share market and its effect on consumers and businesses b) money and how it is used by society * c) unlimited wants and limited resources d) unlimited resources and limited wants Q2 Which of the following does not illustrate opportunity cost? * a) If I study

Personal Reward and Stimulation Free Essays

Assessment task 4 : project 1 Ground rules for how a team will operate: Current level: We treat each other with respect. We intend to develop personal relationships to enhance trust and open communication. We value constructive feedback. We will write a custom essay sample on Personal Reward and Stimulation or any similar topic only for you Order Now We will avoid being defensive and give feedback in a constructive manner. We strive to recognize and celebrate individual and team accomplishments. As team members, we will pitch in to help where necessary to help solve problems and catch-up on behind schedule work Team member opinion: Team members can speak freely and in turn and all participants will have a say No one person will be allowed to dominate the discussion Team members will not speak on behalf of anyone else Team members will say what they think and not what they think someone else wants to hear Strengths and weaknesses Strengths: More friendliness, confiding in each other, and sharing personal problems; discussion of the team’s dynamics A sense of team cohesion, a common spirit and goals Establishing and maintain team methods and boundaries Weaknesses: Arguing among members even when they agree on the real issues Defensiveness and competition; factions and â€Å"choosing sides† Establishing unrealistic goals Expressing concern about excessive work My Recommendations: Discuss team expectations Communicate; make sure everybody stay in the loop. Use organizational tools. 2 COMUNICATING RESPONSABILITIES. Current level By communicating responsabilities, you will be able to obtain desired results/outcomes, improve an employee’s performance, and develop new skills. When you do meet to discuss these expectations, standards, and goals, meet in a quiet place without interruptions and have the job description and objectives in hand. Be sure to discuss the expectations with the employee and confirm that the employee understands the tasks and responsibilities of the position. Meet in a quiet place without interruptions 1. Have the employee’s position description as well as unit’s business plan and/or objectives at the meeting 2. Talk with employee about expectations, 3. Confirm that employee understands the tasks, responsibilities of the position 4. Ask the employee for comments, suggestions on performance standards 5. Finalize performance standards with employee, confirm the employee’s understanding 6. Define performance standards at each level of performance, e. g. , meets expectations, exceeds expectations. Team member opinion Communication is one of the keys to running a successful business. And no one in a business should be exempt from workplace communication responsibilities. All employees and management of all companies no matter what size must learn proper business communications to insure excellence and productivity in the workplace Strengths and Weaknesses Strengths Skilled communicators recognize that effective communication takes forethought. For example, smart managers first evaluate their intended audience to gauge such factors as the current mood, audience education level and the context of the situation, and they frame their message accordingly. Effective communicators also evaluate all the possible channels available for communicating, such as face-to- face, over the phone and via email, and they choose the channel best suited for that particular message and audience. Also key to communicating effectively is learning to engage in actively listening: It takes two people — a sender and a receiver — to communicate. Effective communicators avoid distractions and focus on more than just the spoken word. They evaluate body language and tone of voice for clues to gauge whether their intended audience comprehends the message. Skilled communicators in the workplace also encourage open feedback, recognizing that communication is a constant process. Weaknesses: Typical weaknesses in communication include failure to adequately consider the needs of the audience. For example, rushed employees trying to meet deadlines often overload their audience with information, losing important details in the process. Additionally, many communicators inadequately evaluate their audience and ignore the impact of such crucial details as cultural background or education level on the communication process. For instance, industry experts who speak only in jargon will lose members of a general audience lacking experience with those terms. Ineffective communicators also underestimate the affect of physical distractions and emotional interference on their audience. Audiences often discount a speaker’s message if she uses bad grammar, appears sloppy or lacks enthusiasm for the topic. My Recommendation Smart business managers encourage communication strengths in the workplace by modeling superior communication skills with their own messages. Effective communicators educate themselves on the their employees’ individual frames of reference and adapt their messages accordingly. They recognize that meaning exists not in words, but in the people who use those words, and they use language that their audience will understand, avoiding slang, jargon or colloquial expressions. Most important, however, smart business managers actively listen to their audience, ask questions and encourage feedback to ensure that both the intended information and meaning of a message are understood. 3 Share tasks and activities Current level A Task is an activity that needs to be accomplished within a defined period of time or by a deadline. A task can be broken down into assignments which should also have a defined start and end date or a deadline for completion. One or more assignments on a task puts the task under execution. Completion of all assignments on a specific task normally renders the task completed. Tasks can be linked together to create dependencies. Strengths and weaknesses Strength Leaders communicate where they want to take their companies. They also organize groups for particular tasks and ensure that group members have a clear understanding of their individual roles. The task- oriented is well suited to structured work environments, such as law enforcement and manufacturing assembly lines, in which repeating well-defined processes usually results in consistently high levels of productivity and quality. Weaknesses In most projects, tasks may suffer one of two major drawbacks: Task dependency: Which is normal as most tasks rely on others to get done. However, this can lead to the stagnation of a project when many tasks cannot get started unless others are finished. Unclear understanding of the term complete: For example, if a task is 90% complete, does this mean that it will take only 1/9 of the time already spent on this task to finish it? Although this is mathematically sound, it is rarely the case when it comes to practice 4 Planing and schedule activities Current level How to cite Personal Reward and Stimulation, Essay examples

Nuclear Power Cons Argumentative Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Power: Cons Argumentative Essay Nuclear Power: ConsSince the days of Franklin and his kite flying experiments, electricityhas been a topic of interest for many people and nations. Nuclear power hasbeen a great advance in the field of electrical production in the last fiftyyears, with its clean, efficient and cheap production, it has gained a largeshare of the worlds power supply. However with the wealth of safer alternativesources of electricity, the dangers involved with nuclear reactors to humans (ie. cancer) and past disasters such as Chernobyl there are well based reasons not topursue this energy source. New sources such as fusion power, new studiesconcerning the health of nuclear by-products and scares of nuclear accidentslike those at Chernobyl are slowly rendering Nuclear Fission an obselete energysource. This essay will prove that nuclear power is a dangerous technology andwith many other sources and the dangers involved, the disadvantages of nuclearpower far outweigh the benefits. Alternative sources of energy are making their way into the highlycompetitive field of electricity production. With the wealth of sources such assolar, wind, hydro or geothermal the dangers involved with fission could besolved by adopting these newer, safer methods. A main source of energy thatcould lead the way for the near future is solar energy. It is clean efficientand is already a large part of American and Canadian electricity production. Solar energy already supplies about 6% of the nations U.S.A energy theindustry is still in an embryonic stage, and opportunity exists for increasingthis contribution by ten times from current levels. (Maidique, 92) It isobvious that solar power will become a large part of the electricity productionaround the world. With future expansion and newer solar cells, the powerproduction could be increased to about 60-70% of the U.S.As needs. Cold fusion will most surely be the newest type of energy leading usinto the 21st century, producing energy that is cheaper, safer and easier togenerate then any existing source. Fusion fuel releases a million times moreenergy then does burning a comparable weight of coal or oil; one teaspoon ofdeuterium, obtained cheaply from H20, contains the equivalent of 300 gallons ofgasoline; a mere 1000 pounds of deuterium could fuel a 1000-megawatt powerstation for a year. (Dean, 84) Such spectacular figures sound unbelievable. Using a thousand pounds of a substance to supply a 1000-megawatt power stationfor a year, such figures will cause plummeting electricity prices and makefission plants far too expensive. However, prices and efficiency are useless if the safety factor isabandoned. All three topics are dealt with in fusion, that is why it is such amiracle. In fact, a meltdown in a fusion reactor is impossible, which cannot besaid for fission. Compared with fission reactors the absence of such fissionproducts as radioactive iodine and cesium from the fusion cycle reduces thepotential hazard by more then a thousand-fold. (Dean, 84) This is accomplishedbecause in a fission reactor the fuel is formed in a solid form which must becooled by water, and if water is unavailable then a meltdown may occur. In afusion reactor the fuel is a hot gas rather then a solid. Because of this evenwith a complete loss of cooling the gas would cool as it hits the cold walls ofthe reactor chamber. With future resources, some proven like solar othersexperimental such as fusion, there is a wealth of possible energy sources. However, new sources of energy will not reduce the risk of horrificfission disasters such as those at Chernobyl or Three Mile Island. Pastdisasters such as Three Mile Island are well- based reasons to reconsidernuclear technology. At the Chernobyl power station at 1:00 am on April 25, 1996reactor number 4 was running smoothly. The engineers performed a standard teston the turbo generators (Engine that turns to produce electricity.) At 1:20amthe operator turned off the emergency cooling system. The sharp temperatureincrease in the reactor core, the rupture of the cooling channels (releasingsteam on to the red-hot graphite moderator, producing water gas) and thechemical reaction between overheated zirconium canning and water (releasinghydrogen) ignited by the fireworks of flying hot and glowing fragments producedby the steam explosion resulted in the explosion. (Trainer, 116) As the twohuge steam explosions tore the core apart, the force of the blast lifted thethousand ton cover lid above the core. Lethal radiation was being released intothe air. The explosion gave of more radiation then two atomic bombs dropped onHiroshima and Nagasaki combined. The accident is an awful reminder that andexplosion may not be only a freak occurrence. It so happens that it may becaused by other errors such as human blunder, low water supply or computerglitch, any misfunction may cause horrific problems. Feminine Traditions EssayThe thought of a nuclear power reactor located near a large city such asHarrisburg, Pennsylvania (site of Three Mile Island) where the exposure isreleased to thousands of people is unthinkable but does occur due to companyprofit needs. Radiation is not only spread through the air we breathe. It is alsopassed from plants we eat and water we drink. In areas such as Chernobyl thathave had even the mildest nuclear problems (obviously Chernobyl was not a mildproblem) we see an area in diameter around Chernobyl reaching as far as Kiev(400km) to have plants that are permanently inedible due to enormous radiationlevels. Unfortunately the radiation is not in the plants, it is in the soil, alayer of soil that will spread harmful radiation for the next 7 billion years. These plants should not be eaten, however many poor families have no choice andmay not be aware they are poisoning themselves. Neither the animals nor thepeople eating them know that they are being poisoned. It is more surprising thatareas in the U.S.A have to measured with abnormally higher radiation, it must bementioned these areas are located in relatively close proximity to a fissionpower plant. In addition, wind and rain erosion wash nuclear waste into streamsand rivers, poisoning the waters, killing the fish and eventually threateninghumans throughout the water they drink. (Kronenwetter, 48) The passage ofnuclear waste directly from the power plant to the soil, (which poisons plants)run- offs from the land which go into the water affecting both the poisonedwater we drink and the contaminated food we eat, not to mention the air that webreathe. These are scary facts that must no longer be overlooked in the name ofprofit. Nuclear power is a major pollutant and must be recognized a s one. In the 1990s we have many alternatives to Nuclear Power. Solar, wind,hydro and geothermal are all great sources that should be used to limit the useof nuclear power. Although nuclear power on the whole is a clean and efficient,it has many unnecessary drawbacks such as the waste it produces, this willcontinue to poison humans, plants and animals. With all the choices available topeople, why not choose a clean or renewable source of energy, one without thedangers of radioactive waste and possible core meltdowns. New sources canalready today replace fission power, it is unsafe, unwarranted and pointless toperuse something that can literally blow up in out face and kill us. In thefuture use of solar or wind power and maybe someday fusion power will causenuclear fission power to become obsolete. Science

The History of Reconstruction free essay sample

Reconstruction is The period that was primarily from 1865 to 1 877 in American history in which the North and South attempted to re-unite after he civil war and address the issues of integrating freed slaves into society. (Bowels, 2011). Unfortunately, the Southern states were not as willing to make changes towards ending slavery. Many people felt the decision to free or continue using slaves should be their own States right to decide, rather than allowing the federal government to make these decisions for them. Although African Americans were supposed to be free, southerners found other ways of keeping them as close to slavery as possible. (Slavery by another Name, n. D. ). One of the ways they were able to intention new forms of slavery, were through what the south referred to as Black Codes. These codes allowed them to marry, but not outside of their own race. They were unable to own firearms, and they could only work on farms. We will write a custom essay sample on The History of Reconstruction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page African Americans were not able to travel outside of their area, and the vagrancy clause enabled the South to remain in some form of control of the ex-slaves. The most devastating aspect was the vagrancy clause, stating that if a freed slave did not perform work in accordance with these laws, they could be put in jail or loaned out for enforced work, which is another term or slavery. (Bowels, 2011). The Civil Rights Act of 1 866, which states; That all persons born in the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding Indians not taxed, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States; and such citizens, of every race and color, without regard to any previous condition of slavery or involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall have the same right, in every State and Territory in the united States, to make and enforce contracts, to u, be parties, and give evidence, to inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real and personal property, (Americas Reconstruction, 2003).Other Amendments that came about after the Civil War are as follows; The Thi rteenth Amendment which was Ratified on December 6, 1865, is stated that Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the parry shall have been duly convicted shall exist within the United States. (Bowels, 2011). The Fourteenth Amendment was created to help prevent the Black codes from continuing in the south.This Amendment was enacted in 1868, it granted citizenship rights so that all persons born in the United States (including ex-slaves) became citizens of the states in which they resided. (Bowels, 201 1). Finally the Fifteenth Amendment which was, Ratified in 1870, it specifically stated that The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. (Bowels, 201 1).This enabled African Americans to be free, have citizenship, and the right to vote. Many African Americans began working in the political arena, but due to Southern prejudice, they were still held back from obtaining higher positions. Some simply avoided the political arena because they feared losing what they already gained in the process. In order to help protect the African Americans rights to vote and be free, the government used military forces to help protect them during these times.In Balance K, Braces speech he concludes that The evidence in hand and accessible will show beyond peradventure that in many parts of the state corrupt and violent influences were brought to ear upon the registrars of voters, thus materially affecting the character of the voting poll lists; upon the inspectors of election, prejudicially and unfairly there by changing the number of votes cast, and, finally, threats and violence were practiced directly upon the masses of voters in such measures and strengths as to produce grave apprehensions for their personal safety as to deter the m from the exercise of their political franchise. (Bruce, 1876). I feel the goals of Radical Reconstruction were important to making these changes possible. Unfortunately, even though the government took drastic assure to try and accomplish these goals, there will always be those who choose to go against what is moral and right for everyone to be equal. I do not think a gradualist approach would have been affective, because African Americans would have continued to be enslaved even longer, and there would have been even more violence occurring during this change.

How to become a production worker

How to become a production worker As a consumer society, we own- and keep acquiring- more and more stuff. Much of that stuff is made all around the world, but many products are still produced here in the United States. Although the industry has obviously evolved since the twentieth  century manufacturing boom, production workers still have a place in the American job ecosystem. And if you’re interested in seeking out one of these manufacturing jobs for yourself, we have the info to help you make that decision. What does a production worker do?Production workers are very hands-on employees in a factory, working with machinery to fabricate or refine materials that are used to create and package products. Some examples are food production and packaging facilities, pharmaceutical production facilities, or plants that manufacture parts of a larger product. Production workers are needed to create everything, from tiny medical instruments to cars or airplane engine parts.A production worker’s tasks may inclu de:Operating machinery on a production lineProcessing raw materialsAssembling and finishing a productRefining and cleaning a product (like sanding, washing, or applying protective cover)Packing boxes or pallets for shippingProduction workers typically work full- or part-time shifts in a factory, plant, or manufacturing facility. These shifts may include days, nights, weekends, and overtime. This is also a very physical job, meaning that production workers may need to sit or stand for the duration of those shifts, depending on the task. There may also be protective gear involved (aprons, safety glasses, gloves, head coverings) as well, particularly if one is working with machinery.What skills do production workers need?Before you pursue a career in the field, make sure you work on building up the following skills- you’ll need to talk about them in an interview and use them from day one.Attention to detail: Carelessness and mistakes can have direct consequences for a product, c reating defects or slowing down production. Production workers should be able to spot and resolve problems on the fly.Working as part of a team: Production workers are always part of a larger team, with a shared goal of creating something for the company’s bottom line. If a person is unable to follow directions or understand how his or her piece of the process fits with others’, then the job might not be a good fit.What background do you need to become a production worker?There is no specific training program or degree for production workers, but most companies require the minimum of a high school degree (or equivalent). These jobs typically have on-the-job training to teach workers specific processes, equipment, or tasks directly associated with the job itself.How much do production workers make?According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median annual salary for production workers is $32,380, or $15.57 per hour. This can change depending on the skill level necessary to perform the job or the complexity of the work.What’s the outlook for production workers?Although the Bureau of Labor Statistics predicts a slight overall decline for these kinds of positions as manufacturing faces some economic uncertainty in the U.S., there are hubs that are seeing a resurgence in these kinds of jobs, particularly in Midwest and Western states like Wyoming, Indiana, South Dakota, Texas, and Michigan.

Effects of carbon dioxide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Effects of carbon dioxide - Essay Example While the atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, and it is something that humans and other living things do breath in at a constant rate, too much of it in our atmosphere is a bad thing. Carbon dioxide plays a role in the formation of greenhouse gases, herein creating the greenhouse effect (Luo, 1999). The greenhouse effect, in short, involves an atmosphere containing gases that soak up and emit radiation. Carbon dioxide makes up approximately twenty-six percent of the gases needed for a greenhouse effect to take place (Weart, 2009). When the greenhouse effect takes place, so does the concept of global warming; the two processes go hand-in-hand with each other, with the greenhouse effect leading to global warming. As aforementioned, carbon dioxide also has positive effects on the environment. The biggest one is the creation of oxygen. Plants absorb carbon dioxide, convert it to oxygen, and release it back into the environment. We, as humans, then breathe in the oxygen, and when we release the oxygen, it becomes carbon dioxide again. It becomes a never-ending cycle between plants and humans. Furthermore, carbon dioxide aids in the process of photosynthesis, feeding the plants and keeping them alive (â€Å"Carbon Dioxide†). Without carbon dioxide, there can be no photosynthesis of the plants, and therefore no food to keep them alive. Without living plants, there is nothing to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen for human beings and animals to breathe. We become dependent on each other to live. Again, it becomes a cycle that must be adhered

Fundamental Principle of Morality Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fundamental Principle of Morality - Assignment Example Do great; keep away from abhorrence. This most essential good rule, the beginning stage for profound quality, was verbalized by Aristotle, an aged Greek thinker, and is held by all the worlds significant religions. All other good standards stream from this one. Do unto others as you might have them do unto you. The end does not legitimize the methods. Established theory and the real world religious customs have maintained the guideline that having a great end (objective or reason) does not support the utilization of abhorrence means (strategy) to accomplish that end. The predictable results are some piece of those circumstances of the demonstration, which, while equipped for reducing the gravity of an insidiousness demonstration, in any case, cant modify its ethical species (Daniel, 12-19). Take after what nature aims. Referred to in reasoning as characteristic law, this standard is not really a law recorded somewhere in any case, rather, a methodology to settling on choices that regards the way of things, particularly personal inclination. Quickly, common law lets us know this: Follow what is regular for individuals and whatever remains of creation. Don't abuse the way of things. For example, our inborn feeling of what is reasonable and respectable. Also, think about how regular law could apply to peoples messing with the natures domain. For instance, it is common for the earth to have a defensive ozone layer around it to shield creatures and plants from the dangerous impacts of ultraviolet light.

Case Report Of Carlton Hotel Company Tourism Essay

Case Report Of Carlton Hotel Company Tourism Essay Introduction Executive Summary Ritz Carlton was founded by Mr. Cesar Ritz who initially worked in finest Hotels and restaurants in Paris. He owned grand Hotel Ritz and within one year he expanded wings in London and opened Hotel Carlton which became Ritz Carlton Hotel Company. He believed in excellent personalized services which satisfied the discerning guest. Ritz Carlton expanded to North America and ownership changed during 1983 to Johnson Company. During 1983 1987 Ritz Carlton expanded domestically and internationally under new ownership.  [i]   During 1997 Marriott International purchased Ritz Carlton and by 2000 it became primarily a management company operating 38 Hotels and resorts worldwide with minority stake in 10 properties and outright ownership of 3 hotels. The company used to obtain management contracts for new hotels and resorts around the world. Over the years hotel conglomerate won acclaimed for its services and had been awarded Best Hotel in Asia Pacific in the eight Business Traveler Asia / Pacific magazine Travel Awards Subscribe Survey and for two consecutive years Best Business Hotel in Malaysia. The Ritz Carlton Hotel Company for the first time now wants to open a hotel in historic Foggy Bottom district of Washington D C in Multi Use facility complex owned by Millennium Partners. The Hospitality Complex is 162 Luxury Condominiums, sports club, splash Spa, three restaurant, and 40,000 square feet of street -level restaurants and retail shops and 300-room hotel. Millennium partners founded in 1990 that set up high end luxury apartments and Lincoln square four building complex in New York was their first project and exhibited their future intensions. Millennium partners ended up in hotel business. In this case study Essence of Ritz-Carlton experience, the Ritz-Carlton selling, how the Ritz-Carlton creates Ladies and Gentlemen in only 7 days. Also McBride, Ritz-Carlton GM, to lengthen the amount of time spent on training hotel employees before hotel opening. McBride should consider a total overhaul of the hotel opening process. Products and Services Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company develops and Operates luxury hotels. Hotels are designed and identified to appeal to and suit the requirements of major customers including meeting event planners, Business travelers and leisure travelers. Ritz- Carlton set out to open any new hotel Ritz-Carlton including detailed analysis of site selection, new product and service development and feasibility study. The detailed analysis also includes target customers, their needs and expectations. The each hotel customized to meet local market demand. Innovation through make use of latest technology for enhancing customer satisfaction level Link restaurant services through internet KobaltExpress.com. It allows customers to decide menus ahead of time and also select the choice of table. Differential aesthetic look and best quality interior was few of the additional features. Core Values Business Model Following are the core values and Business model exist at Ritz Carlton: Core values: Trust, honesty, integrity and commitment. A great emphasizing on human resources, believes it important and biggest assets Foster work environment to fulfill individual aspirations Focus on Service but not sales Guest greets at Airport with mimosas and discount coupons on a silver tray Airport check in concierge Techno savvy to ensure customers needs satisfied Event Planners Ritz -Carlton managed properties for Millennium partners who were one of several hotel owners. Ritz Carlton charged management fees of 3% of total revenue besides wholly owned luxury hotels around the world. The customer segment was Independent travelers and Meeting Event planners. The key success indicators of hotel business were Average Daily Rate and Revenue per Available Room. Independent travelers were influenced through special services like providing discounting coupons at airports, created hotel room at airport and also introduced Technology Butler. The specialized services increased customer convenience and outpaced the competition. The nature of services is perishable and individual travelers are aiding in profitability. The event business / meeting business are growing and desirable for the sustainable profitability. The management contracts tend to meet needs of owners and operators. Quality at Ritz Carlton: Ritz Carlton has a great emphasizing on human resources. Robust HRM practices envisage right people for the right job and inducted to become perfect lady and gentleman. The total quality management philosophy began to permeate the organization. Company focused on new activities and measures including quality standards, continuous improvements for delivering better service quality. New programs designed to meet customer specific need and service quality indicators. The Quality policy believes in Exceeding Standards. Warm and sincere greeting, anticipation and compliances of guest needs and warm good bye are key service steps. HRM Practices at Ritz Carlton Human resources is critical element in the process for understanding of the service to be delivered and priorities in doing so, are aligned closely with customers expectations and marketing communications by the organization. For managers, the service climate needs to support and reward employees in their efforts to deliver the service product reliably at the promised standard. The value creation for customer If the customer perceives quality of the service to be higher than the cost incurred, the customer receives value. The greater the difference between the quality of service and the cost, greater will be the satisfaction or dissatisfaction. Ritz Carlton turnover rate was 20% compared to hotel industry average rate of 100%. This exhibits how Ritz Carlton cares about their employees and viewthem as one of the important and biggest asset and has passion for the people. Ritz Carlton nurtured and maximizes talent of each individual. Through the extensive formal and informal training employee were prepared to meet current obligations and also higher responsibilities in future. Employees were also trained to meet futuristic obligations and encouraged to cross train and learn about many different aspects. Performance was not only criteria but also managed by the employees themselves. Employees are monitoring their own performance and recognized for outstanding work, which ingrains a competitive advantage not seen not in the same industry but in many others too. Staffing To minimize failure in delivering services, key HRM practices like employee recruitment, selection and training focused and implemented. People having aptitude, talent and attitude to serve people, training schedule made sure to shape out staff for delivering exceptional services. The key of maintaining exceptional service standards was to keep high morale and motivation of each employee. Various tools were used to attract applicants for the various positions include visiting competitors restaurants, advertisement in news papers and visiting hospitality schools. Ritz Carlton job fair was organized for mass recruitment. Aspirants treated well including convenient reaching to destination of job fair, offering snacks and beverages, make them aware about organization. Value System and Service Oriented Approach of Ritz-Carlton The customer service oriented approach has three elements: For whom services and products created who will deliver and how will be delivered. Customer Value Customer relationships and customer loyalty Different communication and pricing strategies Assessment of customer satisfaction and complaints Making customer value more tangible People Role of employees in value creation Nature of competencies required to deliver services Empowerment of employees Reduction of stress Operations and Technology Designing processes to create value Design and location of facilities Role of technology Capacity management The Ritz Carlton having different value and philosophy in business which includes and they operate The Credo, The Motto, The Three Steps of Service, Service Values, the 6th Diamond the Employee Promise. The company is engage in the services oriented which have the unique characteristics for providing the services in order to meet the expectation of the customer. Some of the highlights have been captured depicted below:- Excellence in service not in Selling The Ritz-Carlton Philosophy states as they are not in the hotel business. The Ritz-Carlton is selling an experience, and experience that is based on excellence of service. As stated by Schulze, We are not in the hotel business. The hotel business is about selling rooms, selling food, selling the bar. We do those things incidentally, but our business is service. We charge for service. Our commitment to our customers is excellence in service. Their commitment to customers is excellence in service. Service is their profession. The total service oriented approach. The Credo The Ritz-Carlton Hotel is a place where the genuine care and comfort of guests is the highest mission. Pledge to provide the finest personal service and facilities for guests who will always enjoy a warm, relaxed, yet refined ambience. The Ritz-Carlton experience enlivens the senses, instills well-being, and fulfils even the unexpressed wishes and needs of guests. Motto At The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, L.L.C., We are Ladies and Gentlemen serving Ladies and Gentlemen. This motto exemplifies the anticipatory service provided by all staff members. Motto of the company, Employee commitment, The credo, employee promises and twenty basics are gold standards and success mantras. Gold standards reinforced on daily basis in order to build the habits of employees to deliver the highest level of services The three steps of service,- A warm and sincere greeting. Use the guests name. Anticipation and fulfillment of each guests needs Fond farewell give a warm good-bye and use the guests name. Service Values: Employees feel proud To Be Ritz-Carlton as they have opportunity to do following which gives them job satisfaction. The Ritz Carlton is known for service excellence and follow following principals to provide excellent service to their customers.= 1. Employee satisfaction. 2. Leadership involvement. 3. Determination, commitment, and accountability. 4. Attend to voice of the customers. 5. Two-way communication. 6. Freedom to act. 7. Employees as ambassadors. 8. Adapt service recovery model (L.A.S.T.: Listen, Apologize, Solve, and Thank You.) 9. Anticipate needs. 10. Scripting to convey the right message  [ii]   The 6th Diamond is Mystique, Emotional Engagement Functional , these all cared by Ritz- Carlton and known 6th Diamond. Employee Promises At The Ritz-Carlton Ladies and Gentlemen are the most important resource in service commitment to guests. By applying the principles of trust, honesty, respect, integrity and commitment, they nurture and maximize talent to the benefit of each individual and the company. The Ritz-Carlton fosters a work environment where diversity is valued, quality of life is enhanced, individual aspirations are fulfilled, and The Ritz-Carlton Mystique is strengthened.  [iii]   Creating Service Oriented culture through orientation Servitisation approach means bundling goods services and makes a integrated package. This approach more focus on associated services than product Four steps in creating servitisation approach:- Knowing your customers Organizing service delivery systems Making sure employees have appropriate skills Employing technology A services discipline is defined by the following main features: The benefits it offers to customers The need to integrate, manage and deliver processes The importance of establishing and maintaining relationships The Ritz-Carlton As a premium hotel whose utmost mission is to provide genuine care and comfort to guests, The Ritz-Carlton pledges to provide the finest personal service and facilities to the guests who will always enjoy a warm, relaxed yet refined ambience.And this objective can only be fulfilled by satisfied and engaged employees. The three goals of Ritz are financial results, customer satisfaction and employee satisfaction. These goals are not exclusive from each other. They are very closely interrelated. Without satisfied and engaged employees, there is no way to achieve excellent financial results and guest satisfaction. To ensure such high service standards, Management team look for people who will fit the existing culture and see the following qualities in the people. People who share the same values and purpose. People who care for and respect others. People who smile naturally. People who seek a long term relationship. People who have talent for the job Process of Ritz to create Ladies and Gentlemen in only 7 days The seven days countdown was formulated for hotel opening process which was refined during in the process of last several years , this was the new employees first encounter with hotel, which started exactly seven days before the grand opening of the hotel. The first two (2) days were devoted to orienting employees to the company culture and values. The next five days were devoted to more skills training and trial runs of service delivery. To ensure that employees are get aligned with organization mission and core values. Trainers from 23 nationalities The orientation process is slow and thorough, and ensures that the employees are aligned with the organizations mission and a great deal of focus is kept on the conveying the values of the organization. The trainers for the orientation program are gathered from 23 different countries, all considered the best of the best in their role within the organization. These trainers are responsible for ensuring that each employee is at the required level or standard in their specific job function at the hotel. Schulze addresses the new team by stating, You are not servants. We are not servants. Our profession is service. We are ladies and gentleman. We are ladies and gentleman and should be respected as such. He conveys a message of unity, a message of equality and team work during his address, and he again insists that We are ladies and gentleman serving ladies and gentleman, as per the Ritz Carlton motto. The Ritz-Carlton employed the Gold Standards to ensure this message was communicated effectively to all employees; the Gold Standard included The Credo, The Three Steps of Service, The Motto, The Employee Promise and the Twenty Basics to ensure employees were focused on the organizations values. Through continuous communication and brain storming session and directives from top to down level and intensive training, skill development and an aligned HRM strategy, within 7 days the Ritz-Carlton managed to create ladies and gentleman out of their employees. The steps for making Ladies and Gentleman Training and daily line-up: During the first two days employees were aware, trained and dipped into the culture and values of the organization and remaining five days devoted to specific skill training and trial runs of service delivery ensuring everything perfect and meeting service standards. The orientation process ensures aligns the worker with the mission of company and ensured service philosophy ingrained in all its employees, they ingrained the message that all employees are in the service business and not the hotel business. The executive team and Human Resources explain The Ritz-Carlton Credo, Employee Promise, and 12 Service Values. After that, they will receive 30 days of training from a certified trainer from the department. On Day 21, new employees are asked to give the management feedback on how they can improve their training program for future training and recertification. In addition, every employee gets a minimum of 130 hours of training every year, which spans training for his or her department, company culture, and language and computer skills. Day 365 is recognition of one year of loyal service and is an opportunity to reinforce the hotels culture. Every employee will also go through annual recertification after they pass written tests, role-play and interviews on culture and skill. Daily line-up is a daily briefing to reiterate the companys standard and convey important business messages. It takes place every morning in each department. While each department may conduct briefings differently, the message they convey is the same worldwide: they will talk about one of the 12 Service Values. Listening and communication: Communication is important and creates abundant opportunities to interact with employees beginning with the interview and continuing through monthly breakfast meetings and his daily rounds of the hotel: Human Resources also holds a monthly feedback session with randomly selected employees for 1 to 1.5 hours to discuss their concerns. Overall, every employee has one opportunity every year to speak with the General Manager or HR Director in private. In addition, the hotel conducts annual employee satisfaction surveys, and on an ongoing basis, collects opinions on employee issues and posts them in public areas identifying those responsible for solving them. The executive team then notes the number of issues solved and measures the satisfaction of the employees. Empowerment and continuous improvement: Employees are also encouraged to be innovative and creative when it comes to improving their jobs. Money is not the key motivator; employees are rewarded for improving the goals measured by guest satisfaction, financial performance and employee satisfaction at year-end. Employees are rewarded and recognized for their outstanding customer service.  [iv]   Information support: Through their numerous interactions with guests throughout their stay like check in, room service, and housekeeping, employees continuously record guest preferences and needs in Guest Preference Forms. Every night, such preferences and needs are entered into The Ritz-Carltons worldwide database Project Mystique, so whenever guests make a reservation at a Ritz-Carlton hotel, their needs and preferences are known and taken care of. Reward and recognition: At The Portman Ritz-Carlton, employees are recognized and rewarded both financially and non-financially. Mark DeCocinis believes if you want your people to be the best, you must pay them top market salaries. While money is not the key motivator, employees are rewarded for improving the goals measured by guest satisfaction, financial performance and employee satisfaction at year end. Employees are rewarded and recognized for their outstanding customer service. Every quarter, a Five-Star Employee Award is granted; with the winner receiving a five-night stay for two at a Ritz-Carlton anywhere in the world, along with round-trip tickets for two and US$500 allowance. At Ritz -Carlton human resources are very well planned they treat with hospitality. As per their President who says you are not servant. We are not servant. Our profession is service. We are ladies and gentleman, just as the guests are whom we respect as ladies and gentleman. If you impart such culture be sure you will create ladies and gentle to serve. Give the respect take the respect, which costs nothing only wins, the heart of the customer who is taking the service will have regards for the service provider. Employee orientation schedule Employee orientation is key part of the training and development process which introduces employees to the jobs, colleagues and organization. Researchers have found that formal orientation can achieve significant cost savings by reducing anxiety of new employees, fostering positive attitudes, job satisfaction and sense of commitment at the start of the employment relationship. The 7 day countdown was a Hallmark of Ritz Carltons well defined hotel opening process which synchronized all steps leading to the opening of a new hotel.  It was Ritz Carltons orientation process aimed at aligning the employee with the vision and mission of the organization. The 7 day orientation process was standardized and ensured that Ritz Carlton has the right employees to support its vision which was Excellent Personalized Service. The seven day countdown was a worldwide best practice for the organization but in our opinion McBride should lengthen the 7 day countdown because of the following reasons: Current difficulty faced in training new hires to meet the high expectation of Ritz Carltons standards in only 7 days. An increase in the training period would help employees understand their role in achieving the key success factors and creating the The Ritz Carlton Mystique. By lengthening the 7 day countdown the service could become flawless which in turn could help translate the 5% dissatisfied customers to satisfied customers. This would result in occupancy going up from 80% to 88% due to increase in satisfaction level translating to $300 million. Extending the 7 day countdown means investing in long standing excellence in areas such as employee orientation and customer oriented training resulting in increased customer engagement and satisfaction. Research on guest-spending patterns indicates that a four percent increase in customer engagement company-wide would generate an extra $40 million in incremental revenue. Employees morale is boosted as they are protected from feeling overwhelmed. A longer employee engagement would also mean further decrease in the annual turnover which stood at 18%. Adults by virtue of having lived longer accumulate greater volume, knowledge and mind-sets. It would help to have more time for the employees to o un-learn and learn new things. Continuous improvement was absolutely critical to keep the commitment to customer for excellence in service and extending the 7 day countdown would help the process. Would help thwart competition from The Four Seasons by offering flawless service which can be achieved by increasing the orientation period. Would help meet the expectations of the Millennium Partners about this hotel offering great great service which means it expected Service par excellence. Thus we believe that Ritz Carlton should therefore increase the length of the orientation to further ingrain service excellence in its new employees which will ensure higher productivity and foster competitiveness. An assessment of 7 days vs 14 days training program 50% occupancy revenue = $5,000,000 Cost of the 7 day training program = $10,00,000 (estimated) 80% occupancy revenue = $8,000,000 Cost of the 14 day training program = $20,00,000 (estimated) Benefit of the program = 3,000,000 Additional Cost = 1000,000 Return On Investment = 300% Every investment including investment for employee training associated with cost and benefit. The cost and benefit mean cost involved in training of employees, direct revenue benefit, intangible benefits. The increase / decrease training schedule also adversely / favorably impact. Ritz Carlton is well known name to the industry and known for service centric approach. Initial Occupancy may not affected by training period but message of customer care approach need to be ingrained. Local culture also affects the training schedule as behavior of individual employees need to framed up in line of the global approach. Change in hotel opening process Change is part of life. World scenario is becoming dynamic and industry is coming up with innovative products to lure customers. In order to stay ahead in competition, Ritz Carlton also need to think differently. The entire training module, customer expectancy needs overhaul of the hotel opening process. The defects need to eliminate within shortest time frame.. Additional training and development will increase the cost but it will build up confidence and set new industry bench mark. Ongoing operation is very different from the opening a new hotel. The opening hotel require two core competencies One is dealing with the development of the site. Human resource processes necessary to get the hotel up running. Ritz-Carlton regarded employees as the cornerstone of its exceptional service culture. The company understood that, as a service organization, the quality of its end product was only as good as the people providing it. Therefore it took care to see that it not only recruited the right kind of employees, but also provided them with the necessary inputs to enable them to provide exceptional service. Although Ritz-Carltons salaries were not significantly higher than those of other comparable organizations in the hospitality industry, the company was a preferred employer because of its organizational culture and the way it treated its employees. Ritz-Carltons organizational culture not only helped the company provide exemplary customer service, but also created an atmosphere where employees felt valued. It is difficult to train new hires to meet the high expectation of the Ritz Carlton service standards in only seven days, but it worked in Ritz Carlton. Training should not be longer which will not be cost effective in the short span of the time. The employees already working should be given chance to in the second opening millennium to avoid taking risk at the opening itself. Recruitment should be done for the Ritz Carlton not for the millennium because the employee can be transferred as per the requirement. The employees of the Millennium partners can be taken for the opening, as the partners employees will feel proud to work jointly as a team. This will give opportunity to the partners employee who knows the brand fame of the Ritz Carlton by giving the Ritz Carlton basics. Ritz-Carlton management takes the following four steps to ensure that employees maintain the companys high standards for quality and service Excellence, as articulated in the Gold Standards: (i) rigorous employee selection process, (ii) employee orientation, (iii) employee training certification, and (iv) continuous coaching. Conclusion The service industry is becoming more competitive. Global aspirations and technological innovations are challenges for the industry. Customers are loyal to the services rather than company. The services need to revisit and provide latest offers. Worlds best organizations believe in beating their own standards and developing innovating products to serve and win customer hearts. 100 % employee pride Joy, Zero customer difficulty and 100% customer loyalty are performance criteria of performance excellence set by Ritz Carlton Hotels. The road map created for performance excellence through strategic planning, leadership, Human resources, Processes Systems, customer focus, information analysis finally business results. Employees groomed and equipped to exceed (Not meet) customer requirements. Regular updating training needs, deliverance evaluation, PDCA (Plan, Do Check, Act) and Z- back approach; unlearning learning approach aided in meeting industry challenges.

A Raisin in the Sun Essay

The significance of Lena Younger in the screenplay and movie A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry, directed by Kenny Leon In the movie A Raisin in the Sun derived from the screenplay by Lorraine Hansberry, the character of Lena Younger is effectively portrayed to show the importance of the plant as a symbol of Lena being in possession of a garden to call her own. However, the theme of dreams, especially Lena’s, is not made prominent enough to show Lena as a symbol of African American’s in the 50’s owning a house and moving up in society. In the screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun, Lena Younger is a sensitive mother and grandmother to the Younger household. She is very religious, and demands of her kids to thank God for their lives. This is shown when Lena slaps Beneatha for challenging the idea of God in her life. Lena says, â€Å"Now you say after me, in my mothers house there is still God† (Hansberry 39). This scene is effectively remade in the movie. The actress that plays Lena makes her anger and shock in Beneatha’s comment very believable, which further emphasizes the fact that Lena’s values are portrayed just as effectively in the movie as they were in the written screenplay. Lena also stands up for herself, much like her daughter Beneatha. This is shown in the scene where Lena goes to the market to buy some apples that are in very bad condition. Lena says, â€Å"Got the nerve to be askin’ people thirty-five cents for them apples look like they was on the scene when Moses crossed over†¦ Wouldn’t be tryin’ to sell ’em over yonder where I work† (Hansberry 54). In this scene of the screenplay, Lena’s character seemed very headstrong. In the movie however, this quote was not included. Instead Lena told the clerk, in a sarcastic tone, â€Å"Am I being charged for the worms too? † (A Raisin in the Sun), which means that the quality of the apples was not good. Although the scene was different, the point Hansberry was trying to make came across both ways. Lena came across as a headstrong woman who only wants the best and nothing less, within her budget. In these ways Lena Youngers character was portrayed effectively, however, her character has more significance that just good acting. One of the most important symbols in the screenplay A Raisin in the Sun is the plant. Throughout the screenplay and the movie, no one else in the Younger household cares for the plant except for Lena, which is why the symbol directly links to her. In the screenplay, as soon as Lena enters her apartment she goes to open the window. â€Å"Lord, if this little plant don’t start getting more sun, it ain’t never going to see spring again†. (Hansberry 66). This shows that after a long day, she still cares for her feeble little plant, and its growth. In the movie this scene was not portrayed effectively, mostly because the apartment the director chose does not accurately fit the description in the screenplay, thus making the symbolism of the plant ineffective. Despite that, the true symbolism of the plant is that Lena was longing for her own garden, and that was shown effectively in the movie. The quote from the movie corresponding to this scene is â€Å"If that plant don’t get more sunlight than it’s been getting, it’s just gonna give up† (A Raisin in the Sun) which shows that Lena does care for the plant, but can’t do anything about its well-being. Later on in the screenplay Lena starts to get stressed and worried about her children. The only thing she turns to then is her plant, which shows that Lena is in control of at least one thing in her house. When Ruth brings up the fact that Beneatha is home later than usual Lena replies, â€Å"I don’t believe this plant’s had more than a speck of sunlight all day† (Hansberry 76). This could be to direct her worries elsewhere, which makes sense because in other emotional scenes, such as when Lena is hearing about Mr. Linder, the camera focuses in on Lena touching the plants soil with her hands. The reply could also be because she sees her dream in the plant – she sees it is in a weak state and that it is barely growing. Lena also sees that Beneatha and Walter, her children, are experiencing new things and are growing to become people of the new generation. Because of this, she may turn to the plant and hope the same for it – hope for it to blossom into something better and of that generation. Lena’s dream of owning a garden represents not only her dream, but the dream of all the lower class african americans of the 50’s. Although Lena tries to keep her run down apartment looking polished, she makes it clear that she dreams for bigger things. While conversing with Ruth about when her and Big Walter bought the house Lena said, â€Å"†¦ But Lord, child, you should have known all the dreams I had about buying me that house and then fixing it up and making me a little garden in the back† (Hansberry 69), which clearly shows Lena’s dream. Not only does she want a nice garden for herself, but she wants a house for her family, so they can all enjoy living. This scene was not effectively shown in the movie mostly because, as mentioned before, the apartment they were living in did not look run down as was described in the screenplay. Due to this, when the characters were talking about the â€Å"ratty-ness† of the apartment it did not make sense, because their dialogue did not fit the visual. The ultimate dream for african americans of the time was to live in a place full of life, and of course with less rent. The screenplay implies that the apartment is small and that â€Å"weariness has, in fact, won in this room† (Hansberry 23), which means that the room is in poor condition. The movie shows the living room as small but it does not show it as tattered, like the screenplay implied. At that time and now, this is considered poverty, however the movie displays the room as well kept and does not appear worn out, which is what Lena tries to make it seem like. After Mr. Lindner comes to the Younger household, Beneatha, Walter and Ruth explain what he wanted from them, which was to buy their house off of them. Lena does not completely understand at first why he would come, which shows that she does not comprehend that there will be complications with moving into a white neighborhood. â€Å"Father give us strength. (Knowingly and without fun:) Did he threaten us? †(Hansberry 169). This shows that although Lena feels threatened by Mr. Lindner, she does not realize that the new generation does not directly say what they feel. This creates the tone that, just like Beneatha and Walter have been telling Lena, she is not educated enough on the new generation. Since Lena represents the African Americans of the 50‘s expanding in society, it was ineffectively shown in the movie and the screenplay, because of he automatic assumption that they were threatened. All in all, the character of Lena is ineffectively portrayed in the movie to symbolize what the african american’s of the 1950’s should have been like. Taking a look at Lorraine Hansberry’s idea of having a character like Lena in the screenplay, one understands that she is a statement rather than just a character with a dream. Lena Younger is a statement to show that women in the 1950‘s can work all day to provide for their families and still be caring rather than miserable. The condition the Youngers were living in was one where Lena could easily have been sour to her family members rather than nurturing. This is what Hansberry wanted to show. Also the plant symbolizes Lena’s nurturing side, that she will do anything to make the people (or things) she cares for grow and succeed. Overall, the directors of the movie A Raisin in the Sun did a decent job in interpreting Lena’s role in the screenplay. A Raisin In The Sun Essay In my opinion, the most prevalent theme in, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† is the real meaning of money because all of the family members have dreams that require money in order for them to be fulfilled. Walter is always trying to get money to open up a liquor store and believes that the only way he can be a successful man is if he reaches this goal. Throughout the book, Walter is envious of wealthy people and is somewhat embarrassed of his career of a chauffeur. He would like for his son to have a better life and wants him to have everything that he could ever want. While talking to Mama in the book, Walter states, â€Å"Mama, sometimes when I’m downtown and I pass by them cool, quiet-looking restaurants where them white boys are sitting back and talking bout things, turning deals worth millions of dollars, sometimes I see guys don’t look much older than me.† (page 73) Walter pays so much attention to these rich â€Å"white boys† and this causes him to not appreciate what he has, he just always wants more. Walter believes that if Mama gives him the money to invest in a liquor store then he will be successful. Mama doesn’t understand why Walter is s o focused on money and she asks him, â€Å"Son-how come you talk so much ‘bout money?† Walter replies, â€Å"Because it is life, Mama!† (page 74) Mama doesn’t see money as such a big necessity in life and believes more in family, love and faith. She tries to show Walter and Beneatha that not everything in life is about being wealthy and having money. For example, after Walter tells Mama that he thinks that money is life on page 74, she says, â€Å"Oh-So now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life- now it’s money. I guess the world really do change†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 74) Mama is trying to teach Walter not to be so materialistic. She wants him to focus on other aspects of life that Walter just can’t seem to understand. Also, when Mama says how the world is changing, she is talking about how money has a negative influence on the people of that time and how sad it is that money  is such a necessity. During the conversation between Mama and Walter, Mama sys, â€Å"You something new, boy. In my time we was worried about not being lynched and getting to the North if we could and how to stay alive and still have a pinch of dignity too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 74) Mama is talking about how Walter should appreciate his freedom and how in her time, they had to fight for their freedom and could care less about money. Beneatha doesn’t seem to show as much interest in money until she realizes that all of her family’s money is one. In the beginning of the book, Beneatha is kind of the outcast of the family because she doesn’t seem too concerned about the money and has different views than the rest of the family. For example, Beneatha and Ruth had a conversation about why Beneatha won’t marry George and Beneatha says, â€Å"Oh, I just mean I couldn’t ever really be serious with George. He’s- he’s so shallow.† Ruth replies, â€Å"Shallow- what do you mean he’s shallow? He’s rich!† Beneatha then says, â€Å"I know he’s rich. He knows he’s rich too.† (page 48-49) Beneatha wants more from a man than money, she has more depth than that. She is an independent woman and refuses to marry someone just because they are wealthy. In the beginning, Beneatha isn’t too focused on money; however, she comes to the realization that in order to fulfill her dream of being a doctor, she needs money for medical school. When Walter lost all of the family’s money, ruining any chance of Beneatha becoming a doctor she tells Asagai, â€Å"Asagai, while I was sleeping in that bed there, people went out and took the future right out of my hands! And nobody asked me, nobody consulted me- they just went and changed my life!† (page 134) A Raisin in the Sun Essay A Raisin in the Sun, written by Lorraine Hansberry, was written perhaps with some personal experience. When Lorraine was younger, a mob surrounded her home in a white middle class neighborhood and threw a brick in her window (Literature and Language, 913). However, racial prejudice is just one of the themes discussed in the play. The play takes place during the Civil Rights Movement, and the obstacles overcome are obstacles we still face today. Racial prejudice, family strength, and a sell out are the several strong thematic elements in the play. When the Younger family is introduced, they are introduced together. Despite the hardships endured throughout the play, the family stays together even through quarrels. Mama is almost like a Buddha of the Younger family by acting as the backbone of the family; Mama is the strong one (A Raisin in the Sun, 854). When Walter explains to Mama how he wants to start a liquor store with the money she tells him she doesn’t want to go into the liquor business. She decides then to tell him he needs to sit down and talk to his wife, which is more important, because she’s family (A Raisin in the Sun, 869). Mama notices also how Walter and Ruth’s relationship is uncertain (A Raisin in the Sun, 855) which is why she wants him to talk to Ruth about her pregnancy (A Raisin in the, 869). If the baby isn’t kept, Ruth and Walter might separate and Travis will have to go back and forth, and Mama won’t have another grandchild. If that had happened, the family would be broken up, and it seems to be a constant fear in Mama that the family might someday divide. Another sign of family strength is when Beneatha denies Walter as her brother (A Raisin in the Sun, 907). When Mama hears Beneatha shun her brother, she reminds her that her brother is just the same as her when she says: † You feeling like you better than he is today? † They are both strong-willed, live in the same apartment, and have the same economic situation. Mama scolds her for acting like the rest of the world. Looking down on him as a colored man doing low pay jobs to support them, and no one wants to claim that they know that poor sod. Mama tells Bennie not to write his epitaph like the outside world because she doesn’t have the privilege, because she’s just like him. Mama isn’t trying to remind Bennie that she suffers the same ordeals, but perhaps if she was the man of the family she might do the same. Bennie herself would try to provide for them, and Walter’s actions were meant out of kindness, and the least Bennie could do is to be with him in his time of need. Maybe Bennie’s attempts at being a doctor were partly out of love for her family to help provide for them, not out of pity or personal honor, but for unity. It’s not the characters that make the family struggle but mostly the conditions their forced to endure. Socially, they are shunned for being Negroes. When Mr. Lindner bribes the family to move out, the idea threatens to tear the family apart. The idea is at first easily denied because of the money they have to support themselves (A Raisin in the Sun, 892). However, when Walter loses the money, Mr. Lindner’s offer appeals to him (A Raisin in the Sun, 909). The family becomes shocked and tries to support him in his decision, but Walter realizes the importance of family and he turns Lindner away. However, the climactic theme of the story is Walter’s selling out point. A typical reader would want to hate Walter for using the money to start up a liquor store, but then it’s realized that he was only doing it for his family (A Raisin in the Sun, 896-897). When Walter gave the money away, he gave away the family’s future too. Beneatha wasn’t securely in school anymore, Travis would have to keep sleeping in the living room, and there isn’t money for Ruth’s baby. Not only did that affect their futures, but it hurt Mama as well. In a way, Walter gave away their memories and values. When Walter finds out the money is lost, he says that the money was made out of his fathers flesh, because it was his father who helped them to receive that money. Walter gave it away anyway though because he thought it would help the family (A Raisin in the Sun, 897). He gave away the family’s values by deceiving them into thinking that he did the responsible thing with the money, what the family wanted done with money. He fooled Mama into believing he was grown up and could become the head of the family. When the family learned of his mistake, the family became away of what he had done. Furthermore, it insulted them for how he had went about it. Bennie felt like low class, and didn’t feel she could be a doctor anymore (Raisin in the Sun, 901). Ruth felt insulted because she can’t believe her husband is going to take the bribe from Lindner (Raisin in the Sun, 905). Mama took it even harder because her husband’s blood, sweat, and tears went into it; and their dreams were lost because of it. They wanted their children to live out their dreams but instead Walter gave them away in a day (Raisin in the Sun, 856, 897). Perhaps the biggest struggle in the play is the racial prejudice the family endures together. Only because of their color, they end up working in a low pay job in a poorly attended apartment (A Raisin in the Sun, 897). Mr. Lindner is the main symbol in representing racial prejudice. Symbolically, Mr. Lindner could show that stereotypes even come in nice packages. On the outside, Mr.  Lindner was a polite man, but on the inside, he was racist and not accepting, like when he left their apartment the first time he visited and told Walter that you can’t change what’s in peoples hearts (A Raisin in the Sun, 891). Despite the simplicity of the message, it’s perhaps the most powerful of the themes. Although an entire neighborhood, an entire race, wants the Youngers to move out, they stand together and defend themselves and fight back, even when they feel like they have nothing left. However, Walter realizes that he does have something, which is family, and his pride, which he almost lost in taking the bribe (A Raisin in the Sun, 909). The Youngers, when standing together, show that with strength and defiance, they can pull through anything together. Together, the Youngers battled racism from a middle class white neighborhood. Together, the Youngers fought a loss of a dream when Walter sold out. Together the Youngers remained united by giving up their personal dreams for the one family dream of staying together. A Raisin in the Sun Essay In the play A Raisin in the Sun by Lorraine Hansberry you go back in time to when segregation was still aloud. In this play you meet a cast of people with dreams of a better life. The American Dream, to be specific. This dream is portrayed differently for each character, all of which impact the play. Two of these character`s are Walter Lee Younger and Lena Younger. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walter’s American dreams conflict and impact the family through materialism and desire to be the ideal American family in society. Mama and Walter both desire to provide for their family. They both look at money as success. When the $10,000 insurance check comes along, Mama sees it as a chance for her family to finally live up and be more like the rest of the American society. She aspires to look after her family, by giving them a house, a car, and most of all- happiness. Walter on the other hand becomes obsessed with his dreams of business, which he believes will result in financial independence to provide for his family. He feels ashamed when he can’t give money to his son. When Travis asks for fifty cents and Ruth tells him they don’t have it, Walter gives him fifty cents anyway. â€Å"In fact, here’s another fifty cents†¦ Buy yourself some fruit today- or take a taxicab to school or something†(12) He yearns for his son Travis to look up to him. He adds another fifty to make this more real or true. This also shows how Walter looks at money as success. Walter believes this will be true if he has his dream of owning his own business or all in all- wealth. Success to both them means that they no longer have to struggle, and live up to what people perceive. Mama distinguishes herself from Walter when it comes to materialistic matters. The first thing mama does when she gets the insurance money is buy a house for her family. This shows how the capitalistic society is having a materialistic effect on Mama. Mama’s dream consists of a house and happy family. Mama’s plant is a perfect indication of her dream. It symbolizes her family in a way. When the family is down, the plant is down. Mama is constantly in protection of the plant, in hopes of holding on to her dream. Walter in comparison is always looking to be somebody and make it in life. Walter sees wealth as the only solution to this. He longs for financial support. He becomes corrupted by society -to find his identity through money. Walter tells his mother, â€Å"I want so many things†(60). This shows his greediness. All in all Mama and Walters dreams both involve money. Mama shows us her longing for the acceptance of society when she immediately buys a house in a white neighborhood, to provide for her family. Walter shows us his desperation to be a valuable human being when he steals money in hopes of starting his liquor business. Walter wants to be respected and live a happy lifestyle for this family. He longs to be the head of the household. Walter see’s himself with a liquor store as having power. It isn’t till the end until he rethinks the values of himself and his family’s future about how there is more to living than just having material riches. Mama only yearns for her family to be respected and live up to what society perceives. No matter what you perceive The American Dream to be, it is possible to attain it and be successful. The American Dream is whatever your dream of success perceives to be. Hansberry shows how hard it was for colored people to find their identities during segregated times. Walter and Mama learn that money doesn’t possess much when it comes by itself. In Raisin in the Sun Mama and Walter’s American dreams differentiate and impact the family through their wanting to be accepted in society and live in peace. Anyone in this country can undertake happiness and success if they work at it. A Raisin in the Sun Essay 1.When Asagai arrives at the apartment, how does his mood contract with Walter’s and Beneatha’s? He is very positive and is looking toward the future. Walter and Beneatha appear defeated. 2.How has the loss of the money changed Beneatha’s optimism? What does she tell Asagai? What is Asagai’s response? She has given up and admits defeat. She tells Asagai there is no hope and everything is over. Asagai is very critical of Beneatha’s feelings and tells her if she has dreams and wants a positive future, she needs to make it herself. He also asks her to go to Africa with him. 3.How does Asagai define idealists and realists? Which group does he prefer to be associated with? Idealists have dreams and go after them. Realists only see the circle of life and the things that are right in front of them. He would rather be an idealist. 4.What alternative view of the future does Asagai offer to put Beneatha’s depression in perspective? Go to Africa with him. 5.Asagai leaves and Walter comes into the living room. How does Beneatha attack Walter? What does Walter do? She attacks him by speaking down about who he is as a man. Walter ignores her and looks for something in the apartment. 6.How has Mama’s physical appearance changed? Why does Mama put her plant back on the windowsill? She is depressed and seems defeated. Mama puts her plant in the window because she feels as if she is going nowhere. 7.Who does Mama blame for the current situation, and how does she plan to deal with it? She blames herself for this because people have always accused her of dreaming too big. 8.Up until now, Ruth has been the practical one. How does she react to Mama’s new attitude? She tries to lift Lena’s spirits. She doesn’t know what to think or how to really handle Mama’s new attitude. 9.When Walter arrives back home, what does he say he has done? What does he plan to do? He has called Mr. Lindner, and the family is going to take the money that was offered to them. 10.Describe Walter’s new view of life as being divided between the â€Å"takers† and the â€Å"tooken.† He feels that life is full of takers and tooken. His family has been, he feels, has always been â€Å"tooken† From this point forward, they are going to be â€Å"takers.† 11.What does Mama mean when she tells Walter that if he takes Lindner’s money he will have nothing left inside? He will loose his dignity and pride of he takes the money. 12.Beneatha says Walter is no brother of hers. What lesson does Mama have to remind Beneatha about? Mama tells her she has no right to feel that way or say that about her brother. Regardless of what has happened, she has always taught Beneatha to love. 13.When Lindner arrives, why does Mama insist that Travis stay in the room? She wants him to learn from his father 14.What does Walter tell Lindner? Why? He talks to him about his father and how he worked all his life for others. He continues to tell Lindner that his family is not going to take his money because his father earned the house for the family. 15.Why does Lindner decide to appeal to Mama? What is her response? He appeals to her because he says she is older and wiser. He feels that she will bend to the demands of the neighborhood. 16.What is the importance of having Mama return to the empty apartment to grab her plant? That plant represents her dreams and the spirit of her family. Wherever she goes and the family goes, so does the plant. She isn’t one to walk out on her family or her dreams. A Raisin in the Sun Essay Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† was far ahead of its time in both depicting the everyday life of black people in a way that everyone can understand and discuss the oppression that black people still felt even though strides had been taken towards civil rights. According to NPR, Hansberry shared the aims for this play with her husband. â€Å"Hansberry told her husband she wanted to write a social drama about blacks that was good art. Instead of stereotyped characters that would bear no resemblance to actual people, she invented a situation that was sometimes painfully realistic. The plot revolves around what her characters do given the opportunity to escape their cramped surroundings† (NPR). Much of the material from this play is based on Hansberry’s own life experiences. They are real characters. The reader can feel Mama’s love for her family and her desire for them to better themselves. Travis should not have to sleep on the couch. Beneatha should be able to be a doctor, but she must be careful not to overspeak according to Mama. Beneatha’s frustration with the â€Å"outdated† ideas of her mother and her brother’s traditional marriage are felt. She is a dreamer and yet the reader wants to believe with her. Walter’s anger is perfectly justified although it gets him nowhere, and Ruth’s increasing frustration with her husband is also justified, especially as they are about to bring another child into the world. The reader hopes that Walter’s scheme will work even though he/she knows it never will. In the end, the family triumphs against daunting odds. They will have to work harder than they ever have to keep their house, and they will never fit into their neighborhood. They will likely face acts of discrimination even more pronounced, but they do not swallow their pride and submit to the demands of Lindner and their neighborhood. Her characters even speak in the dialect of a real Chicago neighborhood. She uses a non-standard dialect that would only be spoken in black communities. The use of the poem of Langston Hughes called â€Å"Dream Deferred† makes the subject and characters even more real. It asks the reader to think about what would happen if someone worked all their lives for a dream and was unable to achieve it. The poem then gives options that fit various people within the play. Anyone who reads the play can definitely see the struggles of African Americans. Hansberry was deeply committed to the fight for civil rights just as her parents had been. The struggles of the Younger family parallel the struggles of African Americans in a time where the discrimination was just beginning to be faced. According to Books and Writers, in 1959 Hansberry had said in a speech: â€Å"The unmistakable roots of the universal solidarity of the colored peoples of the world are no longer â€Å"predictable† as they were in my father’s time – they are here. And I for one, as a black woman in the United States in the mid-Twentieth Century, feel that I am more typical of the present temperament of my people than not, when I say that I cannot allow the devious purposes of white supremacy to lead me to any conclusion other than what may be to most robust and important one of our time: that the ultimate destiny and aspirations of the African peoples and twenty million American Negroes are inextricably and magnificently bound up together forever. † (Books and Writers). This sums up Hansberry’s ideas about the race and shows us how the play deals with the supremacy of whites. It is clear that the white characters like Karl Lindner and Walter’s boss are better off. Even the blacks who sell out in one way or another like George Murchison or Willy Harris are in better places than the Youngers. This family finds it almost impossible to get ahead as the whole social structure is opposed to them. And while this is a play about the American Negro, it is also one with a universal theme. It is also about the failure of the American Dream, which anyone in any time period can relate to. Writing in Commentary, Gerald Weales pointed out that â€Å"Walter Lee’s difficulty †¦ is that he has accepted the American myth of success at its face value, that he is trapped, as Willy Loman [in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman] was trapped by a false dream. In planting so indigenous an image at the center of her play, Miss Hansberry has come as close as possible to what she intended–a play about Negroes which is not simply a Negro play. † (Gale Research). In other words, she has succeeded in discussing an American Negro family, and yet, making it understandable and relatable to everyone of every race. This was no easy task. This is reiterated by Critic Harold Clurman, in the Nation, noted that â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun is authentic: it is a portrait of the aspirations, anxieties, ambitions, and contradictory pressures affecting humble Negro fold in an American big city. † (Gale Research). Much of the historical information in this play comes from Lorraine Hansberry’s own life. She grew up on the South Side of Chicago, just like in the play. Hansberry’s parents were activists as well as intellectuals and her father was a real estate agent. He violated a covenant law and moved into a white neighborhood. Their white neighbors tried to evict them. Hansberry’s father actually won an antisegregation case that he fought with the aid of the NAACP with the Illinois Supreme Court. These events are the events on which A Raisin in the Sun was loosely based. When Lorraine was eight, her parents bought a house in a white neighborhood, where they were welcomed one night by a racist mob. Their experience of discrimination there led to a civil rights case. Her father won the case; the Supreme Court declared that the discrimination was unconstitutional. However, nothing really happened in reality as a result of winning this case. Hansberry’s family also learned about the results of fighting the system as they faced many prejudices and acts of discrimination because of their fight, such as a brick being thrown through their window. . Hansberry also worked for Freedom, a progressive black newspaper from 1950 to 1953, which is seen in the play’s emphasis on civil rights (PAL). Also according to PAL, â€Å"In 1963 Lorraine Hansberry became very active in the civil rights movement in the South. She was a field organizer for CORE† (PAL). Again, her emphasis on civil rights in the play comes out of her own beliefs and actions. In the play the topic is covered very thoroughly as the Younger family buys a house in a white neighborhood. Houses in black neighborhoods were double the price, and their dream is to get out of the run-down apartment. In discussing this, Hansberry outlines the discrimination built into housing in Chicago and other urban areas. So, they bought the house in the white neighborhood and are elated, but their elation is short-lived because Mr. Lindner shows up. The family fights back as he tries to talk them out of moving by saying things like, â€Å"I want you to believe me when I tell you that race prejudice simply doesn’t enter into it. It is a matter of the people of Clybourne Park believing, rightly or wrongly, as I say, that for the happiness of all concerned that our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (Hansberry 2. 3. 65). He ends with a statement about Linder hoping the family knows what they are getting themselves into. In the end, even after Walter loses the money, the family decides to move anyway. They will take extra jobs to make sure that their children have a better life. Hansberry’s interest in Africa began at an early age. According to Books and Writers, in an unfinished, partly autobiographical novel Hansberry wrote: â€Å"In her emotions she was sprung from the Southern Zulu and the Central Pygmy, the Eastern Watusi and the treacherous slave-trading Western Ashanti themselves. She was Kikuyu and Masai, ancient cousins of hers had made the exquisite forged sculpture at Benin, while surely even more ancient relatives sat upon the throne at Abu Simbel watching over the Nile†¦ † (Book and Writers). This love of and interest in Africa is shown through both Asagai and Beneatha. Beneatha and Asagai show this interest in African pride in a time in America that was well before Africans began taking interest in their roots or going back to Africa. Asagai is from Africa and has great pride in it; Beneatha is interested in her roots even though she does things like straighten her hair, which Asagai says is assimilationist. Asagai even woos her with his pride in his country. For example, â€Å"I will show you our mountains and our stars; and give you cool drinks from gourds, and teach you the old songs and the ways of our people† (Hansberry 3. 1. 55). While Walter makes fun of all the African conversation, that is also historically accurate ahead of its time. Many Africans were interested in their past and wanted to learn about their terrible past. Some, such as Malcolm X, even went so far as to change their name to reflect their former slave status. Others thought the interest was dumb, a part of their past, not their future. Lorraine Hansberry also puts Beneatha forth as a feminist long before women began demanding their rights. The National Organization for Women was not formed until the late 1960s. Yet Beneatha is a feminist. When Asagai makes the statement, â€Å"For a woman it should be enough†, Beneatha replies, â€Å"I know—because that’s what it says in all the novels that men write. But it isn’t. Go ahead and laugh—but I’m not interested in being someone’s little episode in America† (Hansberry 1. 2. 114). She wants to be a doctor, and her conviction is so strong that the reader believes her. Hansberry was also a feminist ahead of her time to put these ideas into writing. Even though Beneatha seems to â€Å"flit† from one thing to another, she is in the process of finding her identity. Exploring options and experiencing life is the way that she will find herself as well as having diverse friends like Joseph Asagai. Even her name implies that she believes everything is beneath her. Sometimes irritating, Beneatha is a true feminist before her time. Feminist as anything else is a progression in coming into womanhood. For example, Mama speaks matter-of-factly of her husband’s womanizing ways. She does not condemn him, but seems to accept that womanizing is what men do. Ruth would not put up with that from Walter although she does defer to him on a number of occasions. She also has a more gentle way of getting him to come around. Beneatha represents the â€Å"new woman† or feminist in that she would not put up with any of this. She wants to forge her own identity independent of a man. She believes that people must accept her as she is and refused to â€Å"be nice† as Mama tells her. This play also shows the change in black arts and intellectualism. According to Schmoop, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun is part of broader shift in black art towards depicting working-class, ordinary African-Africans. Previously, black intellectuals did not use literature, art, or the stage to portray working-class African-Americans for fear they would perpetuate undesirable stereotypes. † (Schmoop). Lorraine Hansberry and Langston Hughes both thought this idea ridiculous. They, in fact, felt the opposite. They felt that they could challenge these stereotypes by writing about them. Also according to Schmoop, â€Å"By focusing on the dreams and aspirations of one particular working-class black family, moreover, Hansberry was able to show audiences the universality of black aspirations while also demonstrating that their race posed a significant barrier to achieving those goals† (Schmoop). That is precisely what Hansberry did. She showed the trials and struggles of one family. The family is black, and some of the themes only those of color could relate to but others are universal—family love, sibling rivalry, wanting the best for children, wanting to make money and have more, etc. A Raisin in the Sun is a masterful play. While some see it overly simplistic, Hansberry gives us the gamut of African American response to the oppression that was still occurring. Walter is just angry. Mama and Ruth are more concerned with just getting by and providing better opportunities for the next generation. Willy Harris steals from his own to get ahead, and George Murchison rejects his own upbringing. Asagai also rejects American ways, but he is African. Beneatha most represents Lorraine Hansberry as she tries to fight the system, fight society’s expectations of her as a black woman, and forge her own identity. All emotions are represented in this play. Works Cited Books and Writers. http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/corhans. htm http://www. shmoop. com/intro/literature/lorraine-hansberry/a-raisin-in-the-sun. html Colas, Brandon. Lorraine Hansberry. A Raisin in the Sun. The Ghetto Trap. Retrieved November 28, 2008 at http://www. literature-study-online. com/essays/hansberry. html Corley, Cheryl. A Raisin in the Sun. March 11. 2002. NPR. Retrieved November 26, 2008 at http://www. npr. org/programs/morning/features/patc/raisin/ Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. â€Å"Lorraine Hansberry. † Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 25. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale. 2007. http://www. edupaperback. org/showauth. cfm? authid=93 Reuben, Paul. PAL: Perspectives in American Literature. Retrieved November 27, 2008 at http://www. csustan. edu/English/reuben/pal/chap8/hansberry. html A Raisin in the Sun Essay Lorraine Hansberry’s play â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun† was far ahead of its time in both depicting the everyday life of black people in a way that everyone can understand and discuss the oppression that black people still felt even though strides had been taken towards civil rights. According to NPR, Hansberry shared the aims for this play with her husband. â€Å"Hansberry told her husband she wanted to write a social drama about blacks that was good art. Instead of stereotyped characters that would bear no resemblance to actual people, she invented a situation that was sometimes painfully realistic. The plot revolves around what her characters do given the opportunity to escape their cramped surroundings† (NPR). Much of the material from this play is based on Hansberry’s own life experiences. They are real characters. The reader can feel Mama’s love for her family and her desire for them to better themselves. Travis should not have to sleep on the couch. Beneatha should be able to be a doctor, but she must be careful not to overspeak according to Mama. Beneatha’s frustration with the â€Å"outdated† ideas of her mother and her brother’s traditional marriage are felt. She is a dreamer and yet the reader wants to believe with her. Walter’s anger is perfectly justified although it gets him nowhere, and Ruth’s increasing frustration with her husband is also justified, especially as they are about to bring another child into the world. The reader hopes that Walter’s scheme will work even though he/she knows it never will. In the end, the family triumphs against daunting odds. They will have to work harder than they ever have to keep their house, and they will never fit into their neighborhood. They will likely face acts of discrimination even more pronounced, but they do not swallow their pride and submit to the demands of Lindner and their neighborhood. Her characters even speak in the dialect of a real Chicago neighborhood. She uses a non-standard dialect that would only be spoken in black communities. The use of the poem of Langston Hughes called â€Å"Dream Deferred† makes the subject and characters even more real. It asks the reader to think about what would happen if someone worked all their lives for a dream and was unable to achieve it. The poem then gives options that fit various people within the play. Anyone who reads the play can definitely see the struggles of African Americans. Hansberry was deeply committed to the fight for civil rights just as her parents had been. The struggles of the Younger family parallel the struggles of African Americans in a time where the discrimination was just beginning to be faced. According to Books and Writers, in 1959 Hansberry had said in a speech: â€Å"The unmistakable roots of the universal solidarity of the colored peoples of the world are no longer â€Å"predictable† as they were in my father’s time – they are here. And I for one, as a black woman in the United States in the mid-Twentieth Century, feel that I am more typical of the present temperament of my people than not, when I say that I cannot allow the devious purposes of white supremacy to lead me to any conclusion other than what may be to most robust and important one of our time: that the ultimate destiny and aspirations of the African peoples and twenty million American Negroes are inextricably and magnificently bound up together forever. † (Books and Writers). This sums up Hansberry’s ideas about the race and shows us how the play deals with the supremacy of whites. It is clear that the white characters like Karl Lindner and Walter’s boss are better off. Even the blacks who sell out in one way or another like George Murchison or Willy Harris are in better places than the Youngers. This family finds it almost impossible to get ahead as the whole social structure is opposed to them. And while this is a play about the American Negro, it is also one with a universal theme. It is also about the failure of the American Dream, which anyone in any time period can relate to. Writing in Commentary, Gerald Weales pointed out that â€Å"Walter Lee’s difficulty †¦ is that he has accepted the American myth of success at its face value, that he is trapped, as Willy Loman [in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman] was trapped by a false dream. In planting so indigenous an image at the center of her play, Miss Hansberry has come as close as possible to what she intended–a play about Negroes which is not simply a Negro play. † (Gale Research). In other words, she has succeeded in discussing an American Negro family, and yet, making it understandable and relatable to everyone of every race. This was no easy task. This is reiterated by Critic Harold Clurman, in the Nation, noted that â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun is authentic: it is a portrait of the aspirations, anxieties, ambitions, and contradictory pressures affecting humble Negro fold in an American big city. † (Gale Research). Much of the historical information in this play comes from Lorraine Hansberry’s own life. She grew up on the South Side of Chicago, just like in the play. Hansberry’s parents were activists as well as intellectuals and her father was a real estate agent. He violated a covenant law and moved into a white neighborhood. Their white neighbors tried to evict them. Hansberry’s father actually won an antisegregation case that he fought with the aid of the NAACP with the Illinois Supreme Court. These events are the events on which A Raisin in the Sun was loosely based. When Lorraine was eight, her parents bought a house in a white neighborhood, where they were welcomed one night by a racist mob. Their experience of discrimination there led to a civil rights case. Her father won the case; the Supreme Court declared that the discrimination was unconstitutional. However, nothing really happened in reality as a result of winning this case. Hansberry’s family also learned about the results of fighting the system as they faced many prejudices and acts of discrimination because of their fight, such as a brick being thrown through their window. . Hansberry also worked for Freedom, a progressive black newspaper from 1950 to 1953, which is seen in the play’s emphasis on civil rights (PAL). Also according to PAL, â€Å"In 1963 Lorraine Hansberry became very active in the civil rights movement in the South. She was a field organizer for CORE† (PAL). Again, her emphasis on civil rights in the play comes out of her own beliefs and actions. In the play the topic is covered very thoroughly as the Younger family buys a house in a white neighborhood. Houses in black neighborhoods were double the price, and their dream is to get out of the run-down apartment. In discussing this, Hansberry outlines the discrimination built into housing in Chicago and other urban areas. So, they bought the house in the white neighborhood and are elated, but their elation is short-lived because Mr. Lindner shows up. The family fights back as he tries to talk them out of moving by saying things like, â€Å"I want you to believe me when I tell you that race prejudice simply doesn’t enter into it. It is a matter of the people of Clybourne Park believing, rightly or wrongly, as I say, that for the happiness of all concerned that our Negro families are happier when they live in their own communities† (Hansberry 2. 3. 65). He ends with a statement about Linder hoping the family knows what they are getting themselves into. In the end, even after Walter loses the money, the family decides to move anyway. They will take extra jobs to make sure that their children have a better life. Hansberry’s interest in Africa began at an early age. According to Books and Writers, in an unfinished, partly autobiographical novel Hansberry wrote: â€Å"In her emotions she was sprung from the Southern Zulu and the Central Pygmy, the Eastern Watusi and the treacherous slave-trading Western Ashanti themselves. She was Kikuyu and Masai, ancient cousins of hers had made the exquisite forged sculpture at Benin, while surely even more ancient relatives sat upon the throne at Abu Simbel watching over the Nile†¦ † (Book and Writers). This love of and interest in Africa is shown through both Asagai and Beneatha. Beneatha and Asagai show this interest in African pride in a time in America that was well before Africans began taking interest in their roots or going back to Africa. Asagai is from Africa and has great pride in it; Beneatha is interested in her roots even though she does things like straighten her hair, which Asagai says is assimilationist. Asagai even woos her with his pride in his country. For example, â€Å"I will show you our mountains and our stars; and give you cool drinks from gourds, and teach you the old songs and the ways of our people† (Hansberry 3. 1. 55). While Walter makes fun of all the African conversation, that is also historically accurate ahead of its time. Many Africans were interested in their past and wanted to learn about their terrible past. Some, such as Malcolm X, even went so far as to change their name to reflect their former slave status. Others thought the interest was dumb, a part of their past, not their future. Lorraine Hansberry also puts Beneatha forth as a feminist long before women began demanding their rights. The National Organization for Women was not formed until the late 1960s. Yet Beneatha is a feminist. When Asagai makes the statement, â€Å"For a woman it should be enough†, Beneatha replies, â€Å"I know—because that’s what it says in all the novels that men write. But it isn’t. Go ahead and laugh—but I’m not interested in being someone’s little episode in America† (Hansberry 1. 2. 114). She wants to be a doctor, and her conviction is so strong that the reader believes her. Hansberry was also a feminist ahead of her time to put these ideas into writing. Even though Beneatha seems to â€Å"flit† from one thing to another, she is in the process of finding her identity. Exploring options and experiencing life is the way that she will find herself as well as having diverse friends like Joseph Asagai. Even her name implies that she believes everything is beneath her. Sometimes irritating, Beneatha is a true feminist before her time. Feminist as anything else is a progression in coming into womanhood. For example, Mama speaks matter-of-factly of her husband’s womanizing ways. She does not condemn him, but seems to accept that womanizing is what men do. Ruth would not put up with that from Walter although she does defer to him on a number of occasions. She also has a more gentle way of getting him to come around. Beneatha represents the â€Å"new woman† or feminist in that she would not put up with any of this. She wants to forge her own identity independent of a man. She believes that people must accept her as she is and refused to â€Å"be nice† as Mama tells her. This play also shows the change in black arts and intellectualism. According to Schmoop, â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun is part of broader shift in black art towards depicting working-class, ordinary African-Africans. Previously, black intellectuals did not use literature, art, or the stage to portray working-class African-Americans for fear they would perpetuate undesirable stereotypes. † (Schmoop). Lorraine Hansberry and Langston Hughes both thought this idea ridiculous. They, in fact, felt the opposite. They felt that they could challenge these stereotypes by writing about them. Also according to Schmoop, â€Å"By focusing on the dreams and aspirations of one particular working-class black family, moreover, Hansberry was able to show audiences the universality of black aspirations while also demonstrating that their race posed a significant barrier to achieving those goals† (Schmoop). That is precisely what Hansberry did. She showed the trials and struggles of one family. The family is black, and some of the themes only those of color could relate to but others are universal—family love, sibling rivalry, wanting the best for children, wanting to make money and have more, etc. A Raisin in the Sun is a masterful play. While some see it overly simplistic, Hansberry gives us the gamut of African American response to the oppression that was still occurring. Walter is just angry. Mama and Ruth are more concerned with just getting by and providing better opportunities for the next generation. Willy Harris steals from his own to get ahead, and George Murchison rejects his own upbringing. Asagai also rejects American ways, but he is African. Beneatha most represents Lorraine Hansberry as she tries to fight the system, fight society’s expectations of her as a black woman, and forge her own identity. All emotions are represented in this play. Works Cited Books and Writers. http://www. kirjasto. sci. fi/corhans. htm http://www. shmoop. com/intro/literature/lorraine-hansberry/a-raisin-in-the-sun. html Colas, Brandon. Lorraine Hansberry. A Raisin in the Sun. The Ghetto Trap. Retrieved November 28, 2008 at http://www. literature-study-online. com/essays/hansberry.html Corley, Cheryl. A Raisin in the Sun. March 11. 2002. NPR. Retrieved November 26, 2008 at http://www. npr. org/programs/morning/features/patc/raisin/ Hansberry, Lorraine. A Raisin in the Sun. â€Å"Lorraine Hansberry. † Authors and Artists for Young Adults. Vol. 25. Gale Research, 1998. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich. : Thomson Gale. 2007. http://www. edupaperback. org/showauth. cfm? authid=93 Reuben, Paul. PAL: Perspectives in American Literature. Retrieved November 27, 2008 at http://www. csustan. edu/English/reuben/pal/chap8/hansberry. html A Raisin in the Sun Essay A Raisin in the Sun is a story of the Younger Family dealing with racial problems in Chicago slums. Ten thousand dollars arrives in the mail and Lena has to decide what to do with it. Bennie wants it for tuition money, Walter wants it for down payment for the liqueur store and Ruth just wants everyone to be happy. So there is three major events happening: (1) Lena decides to buy a house in a white neighborhood, (2) Lena entrusts the rest of the money to Walter telling him to save a good amount for Beneatha’s schooling and (3)Walter loses all the money in the liquor store scam. In all these dilemmas Lena has a plant that she talks and takes care of it through out the story. Mama’s plant symbolizes hope for the future. In act one scene one Mama says â€Å" Lord, if this little old plant don’t get more sun than it’s been getting it ain’t never going to see spring again.( Hansberry, 40)† In the beginning that the plants needs sun because its in a room with a little window and Mama worries that it will not spring so it shows that even thought it does not have enough sun and it is still surviving so it wants to holding because it knows it will be in a better place and become stronger in the future. In act one scene one Mama says â€Å"They spirited all right, my children. Got to admit they got spirit- Bennie and Walter.. Like this little old plant that ain’t never had enough sunshine or nothing – and look at it†¦(Hansberry,52)† Mama Knows that Bennie and Walter are strong and do not just give up like that plant which shows hope for the future for both them to hold out for that soil and that house even thought it has racism they can get through it like the plant without the sun. Beneath: â€Å"Mama, what are you doing?† Mama:â€Å" Fixing my plant so it won’t get hurt none on the way†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Beneatha: Mama, you going to take that to the new house?(Hansberry,121)† Mama: †un-huh-† Beneatha: â€Å" that raggedy-looking old thing?† Mama: It EXPRESSES ME!† Even thought Beneath tells Mama how the plant is old and worthless she knows that expresses her. Mama’s plant does not symbolizes anything because all she talks about is getting the garden since all she has is one plant so she says the houses in her neighborhood have their garden. â€Å"well, I always wanted me a garden like I used to see sometimes at the back of the houses down home. This plant is close as I ever got to having one.(Hansberry,53)† Lena just wanted to have a garden since she could not have one when she was little because she was a slave. So that plant is the  closest thing she ever had to a garden. Although some may be able to argue that Mama’s plant does not symbolizes anything because she only wants a garden with her house. She wants a garden and that plant is the only thing she can have but it does mean the plant symbolizes hope because sh e treats the plant like one of her children she nurtures it and wants to take it to a new house to live. Mama’s plant is hope for the future because it thrived or lived through not having a lot of light through that small window in the apartment just like the family went through racism.