Conditions & Warranty

INTRODUCTION: The Sales of Goods Act 1893 provides the definition of ‘condition’ and ‘warranty’. During the period between 1893 to 1962 both ‘condition’ and ‘warranty’ was generally accepted that they were the only two types of terms which assist in ‘identifying the breaches which entitled the injured party to terminate the contract. In the turning point of 1962, a new type of term-intermediate term brought about a whole new page into the Law of Contract. Hong Kong Fir Shipping Co. Ltd vs Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha Ltd is the key case which owns the credit for this discovery.In the case, the ship owner hired out the Hong Kong fir, ‘being in every way fitted for ordinary cargo service’. The ship was delivered on 13 February 1957, sailing from the United State to Osaka. Due to the age of the ship’s machinery, the engines were old inadequate. However, the numbers of staff were insufficient and the chief engineer wa s incompetent. Consequentially, twenty weeks out of twenty four months was the ship ‘off hire’ for repair. On the other hand, freight rates had fallen during that period.The new rate was a quarter and a third cheaper than the rate fixed originally. The charterer wished to terminate the contract for the owner’s failure to hire out a seaworthy ship which they claimed to be a ‘condition’ and that the consequences of the breach was so serious that it has frustrated their purpose in entering into the charter-party. It was held seaworthiness was not a condition in their contract and that the delay caused by the repairs was not as grievous as to frustrate the charter-party’s commercial purpose.Therefore the chartered cannot terminate the contract. In a contract of sale, usually parties makes certain statements or the stipulation about the goods under sale or purchase. These stipulations in a contract of sale made with reference to the subject matter of sale. It may be either a condition or warranty. These stipulations forms the part of the contract of sale and a breach of which may provides a remedy to the buyers against the seller.The provisions relating to conditions and warranties are covered under section 11 to 17 of the sales of Goods Act. Section 11 of the Sale of Goods Act 1930 provides, â€Å"Unless a different intention appears from the terms of the contract, stipulations as to time of payment are not deemed to be of the essence of a contract of sale. Whether any other stipulation as to time is of the essence of the contract or not depends on the terms of the contract†. In a contract of sale of goods there maybe various terms or stipulations.Though the definition of the word â€Å"stipulation† in the act is not been given, but when refer in Halsbury’s Laws of England, ‘stipulation is said to include only promises and not collateral contingencies beyond the control of either party e. g. , in s ales of goods â€Å"to arrive†. A bare ‘representation’ will not amount to a stipulation. Such stipulation maybe of major terms/conditions and minor terms/warranty. Condition means a stipulation or provision; a thing on whose fulfilment another thing or act is made to depend, something agreed upon as a requisite to the doing or taking effect of something else.Section 12(2) of Sales of Goods Act, 1930 defined conditions as â€Å"a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated†. On the other hand, â€Å"Warranty is an agreement with reference to goods which are the subject of a contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose of such contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not a right to reject the goods and treat the contract repudiated.It may be, express or implied† ; According to Section 12(3) of Sales of Goods Act, 1930, †Å"a warranty is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a claim for damages but not to a right to reject goods and treat the contract as repudiated. † Thus, there are obligations other than conditions which are not so vital to substance of the contract, however, those terms must be performed because their breach do not cause repudiation of the contract but may lead to sue for damage.In case of a breach the party at fault is liable to pay compensation Section 12(1) of the act state that, â€Å"A stipulation in a contract of may be a condition or a warranty† explaining that all terms and stipulations of the contract of sale are not of equal important and also of same consequences, however, some of terms are so vital to the contract that their failure to fulfil would cause breach of contract as a whole. Such terms are known as â€Å"Conditions†. Further, a term which are not of so vital importance is known as à ¢â‚¬Å"Warranty†.Under Section 12(4) which provides that â€Å"whether a stipulation in a contract of sale is a condition or a warranty depends in each case on the construction of the contract. A stipulation may be a condition though called a warranty in the contract†. Therefore, every contract is to be assessed in the light of circumstances including intention of the parties and also terminology used in the construction of the contract. CONDITIONS: Section 12(2) of the act defines a condition as â€Å"a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives rise to a right to treat the contract as repudiated. Conditions is called an ‘express condition’ when a condition is expressed clearly in writing. A condition is a stipulation essential to the main purpose of the contract. It is very vital to the existence of the contract. It is regarded as the very basis or foundation of the contract. In case there is a breach of condition , the aggrieved party gets the right to treat the contract as void and can claim damages. Giving an illustration: A wants to purchase a horse form B, which can run at a sped of 55km/hr. B pointing out a particular horse says ‘this horse will suit you. But later after purchasing the horse, A finds that the horse can run at a speed of 40km/hr. This is a breach of condition because the stipulation made by the seller forms the very basis of the contract. WARRANTY: According to Section 12(3) of the Act, â€Å"Warranty’ is a stipulation collateral to the main purpose of the contract, the breach of which gives the aggrieved party a right to sue for damages only, and not to avoid the contract itself†. A warranty is called an ‘express warranty’ when cush a warranty is expressed clearly in writing.A warranty is a stipulation subsidiary to the main purpose of the contract. It is not so vital to the existence of the contract as a condition. It is not regarded as the very basis of foundation of the contract. If there is a breach of warranty, the aggrieved party cannot treat the contract as void. He can only claim damages. As per Halsbury’s Laws of England, â€Å"A contract may contain conditions and warranties. A conditions is a stipulation which is fundamental to the contract, whereas a warranty is a provision which is subsidiary or collateral to the main purpose of the contract.The question whether a particular stipulation is a condition or warranty depends upon the intention of the parties to be ascertained in the case of a written contract from the documents and in the case of an oral contract from the surrounding circumstances. Giving an illustrations: A man buys a particular horse, which is warranted to be quiet to ride and drive. The horse turns out to be Vicious, the buyer’s only remedy is to claim damages. This is a breach of warranty, because the stipulation made by the seller was only a collateral one.DIFFERENCES B ETWEEN CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIES; Basis of Differences:Condition:Warranty: Nature-A condition is essential to the main purpose of the contract. It is only collateral to the main purpose of the contract.  ¬As to Breach-Here, the aggrieved party can repudiate the contract and exempted from performance and can claim damages also. Here, the aggrieved party cannot rescind the contract, but can claim damages only. Treatment-A breach of contract may be treated as a breach of warranty.A breach of warranty cannot be treated as a breach of condition. Root of the Contract-A condition goes direct to the root of the contract. A warranty does not go direct to the root of the contract. As of Effect-Condition is one something agreed upon as a requisite to the doing or taking effect of something else, a thing on whose fulfilment another thing or act is made to depend; a stipulation or provision; mode or state of being, state in which a thing exists. Warranty is a guarantee or security that goods a re of the quality stated.It is a promise or covenant by deed by the bargainer, for himself and his heirs, to warrant or secure the bargainee and his heirs, against all men for the enjoying of the thing granted. WHEN CONDITION IS CONSIDERED AS WARRANTY: In Maruti Udyog Ltd. vs Susheel Kumar Galigotra case, the complainant had a defect in the manufacturing of the car purchased by him and requested for a replacement. In this case, we see that the terms clearly referred to replacement of defective part and not the replacement of car.The High Court order for a replacement of car but the Supreme Court held that the order of the High Court was not proper and entitled the complainant to get replacement of defective part at the cost of appellant. In addition to this, the Supreme Court awarded Rs. 50,000/- for the inconvenience caused to the purchaser. As per Section 13 of the Sale of Goods Act, Condition is as warranty treated under the following circumstances; Where a contract of sale is su bject to any condition to be fulfilled by the seller, the buyer may aive the condition or elect to treat the breach of the condition as a breach of warranty and not as a ground for treating the contract as repudiated. In this section it mentions that, either party may â€Å"voluntarily waive a stipulation† which is for the benefit of the party. Although, the benefit of parties may be waived by mutual consent. In other case, where a horse was sold with a warranty of soundness, held that the mere fact of the buyer getting a veterinary doctor’s certificate as to the soundness of the horse, will not amount to waiver of the warranty.Once, the buyer waives the condition he cannot afterwards compel the performance and on this ground cannot also repudiate the contract. 1. Where a contract of sale is not severable and the buyer has accepted the goods or part thereof, the breach of any condition to be fulfilled by the seller can only be treated as a breach of warranty and not as a ground for rejecting the goods and treating the contract as repudiated, unless there is a term of the contract, express or implied, to that effect.This section is subject to two conditions. In the first place this is possible only when the contract is not severable. Secondly, there is nothing in the contract which expressly or impliedly provides the contrary. If these two conditions are satisfied the buyer may elect to treat the breach of condition as a breach of warranty. 2. Nothing in this section shall affect the case of any condition or warranty fulfilment of which is excused by law by reason of impossibility or otherwise.Thus, when condition is being reduced to the level of warranty, the right to reject the goods has been loses by the buyer, that he shall have to be content to the remedy of damages for the breach of condition. When a condition in the contract of sale has not been fulfil (i. e. fails to perform the condition) by the seller, then it is the right of the buyer t o waive the condition as a breach of warranty. The consent depends upon the buyer and not of the seller.In Wallis vs Pratt case one of the clauses of a contract of a sale by sample of a seed called â€Å"Common English Saifoin†, as per a condition sellers gave the warranty express or implied, as to growth description or any other matters. Instead of delivering â€Å"Common English Saifon†, the sellers delivered another seed called â€Å"giant saifoin† but it could be discovered only after sowing. The said seeds were sold by the buyer to a third party who after sowing discovered that the seeds were in fact â€Å"giant saifoin† whose market value was much lower. Since the seeds had lready been sold to the third party. They were thus accepted, it was held that the buyer had to pay damages to the said third party. In an action brought against the seller, it was held by the House of Lords that the sellers were bound to pay damages. Delivering the judgment it w as held that a buyer may treat a breach of condition as a breach of warranty. In this case Fletcher Mouton LJ said that, â€Å"it will be seen, therefore, that a condition and a warranty are alike obligations under a contract, a breach of which entitles the other contracting party to damages.However, in the cases of breach of condition, he has the option of another and a higher remedy, namely, that of treating the contract as repudiated. But as i have said, he must act promptly if he desires to avail himself of this higher remedy in Section 11, sub-section 1(c), two cases are given in which he will be deemed as matter of law to have elected to content himself with his right to damages. The two cases named are the case where the buyer has accepted the goods or part thereof and the case where the contract is for specific goods, the property in which it has passed to the buyer.I see no reason to suppose that the Act intends that these should be the only modes in which a buyer can effe ctively bar himself from taking advantage of the choice of remedies given in the case of a breach of a condition, but that is a pint which it is not necessary to discuss in the present case. In the same case, Lord Loreburn L. C. , observed: â€Å"If a man agrees to sell something of a particular description he cannot require the buyer to take something which is of a different description and a sale of goods by description implies a condition that the goods shall correspond to it.But, if a thing of a different description is accepted in the belief that it is according to the contract, then the buyer cannot return it after having accepted it; but he may treat the breach of the condition as if it was a breach of warranty or that what was a condition in reality had come to be degraded or converted into a warranty. It does not become degraded into a warranty ab-initio, but the injured party may treat as if it had become so, and he becomes entitled to the remedies which attach to a breac h of warranty.EXPRESS & IMPLIED CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIES: Conditions and warranties may be either- a) Express or b) Implied. When any stipulation is inserted in the contract at the will of the parties, it is said to be expressed conditions and warranties. The implied conditions and warranties, are those which are presumed by law to be present in the contract though they have not been put into it in expressed words. Express conditions and warranties are those which are entered in clear words in the contract. They are expressly provided in the contract of sale.Implied conditions and warranties are those which the law incorporates into the contract unless the parties agree to the contrary. They may, however, be cancelled or varied by an express agreement or by the course of the dealings between the parties or by usage and custom of trade. Implied conditions are dealt within Section 14 to 17 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930, it is binding in every contract of sale unless they are inconsi stent with any express conditions and warranties agreed to by the parties. Regarding implied undertaking as to title, etc.. section 14 of the Act provides, â€Å" In a contract of sale, unless the circumstances of the contract are such as to show a different intention there is; a)An implied condition on the part of the seller that, in the case of sale, he has a right to sell the goods and that, in the case of any agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass; b)An implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods; c)An implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third party not declared or known to the buyer before or at the time when the contract is made. In every contract of sale, the first implied condition on the part of the seller is that- a)In case of a sale, he has a right to sell the goods. b)In the case of an agreement to sell, he will hav e right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass. The Buyer is entitled to reject the goods and to recover the price, if the title turns out to be defection as per Section 14(a) of the Act. Implied Condition: In the absence of any contract to the contrary, the following conditions are implied in every contract of sale of goods: Condition as to title: as per section 14(a) of the Sale of Goods Act, in a contract of sale, there is an implied condition on the part of the seller that, in the case of a sale, he as a right to sell the goods and that, in the case of an agreement to sell, he will have a right to sell the goods at the time when the property is to pass. This condition is called a ‘Condition as to title’. If the seller has no right to sell the goods and the buyer has to return them to the owner, the buyer can recover the price from the seller, because the consideration has failed. In Dickenson Vs Naul case it was observed that if the buyer having bought the goods from a seller took the delivery of the same but was compelled to pay the price to the true owner, he was not bound to pay the price to his seller, who sold the goods without having a right to sell the same.If the title turns to be defective, the seller shall be held responsible. The buyer is entitled to repudiate the contract and to claim the price to be returned to him. Regarding sale by description: Section 15 of the Act provides, â€Å"Where there is a contract for the sale of goods by description, there is an implied condition that the goods shall correspond with the description; and, if the sale is by sample as well as by description it is not sufficient that the bulk of the goods corresponds with the sample if the goods do not also correspond with the description. † . To apply this section it is necessary that- 1)There should be a sale by description and 2)The goods should correspond with the description.Though the word â€Å"description† has not been defined in the Act, we can simply understood that description means a particular kinds or variety of goods. A sale by description contained variety of situations. Lord Wright, said in Grant Vs Australian Knitting Mills ; â€Å"It may also be pointed out that there is a sale by description even though the buyer is buying something displayed before him on the counter: a thing is sold by description, though it is specific, so long as it is sold not merely as the specific thing, but as thing corresponding to a description. † A sale by description also includes the statement which is necessary to establish the identity of goods. In relations to section 16 of the Act, regarding Condition as to Quality or Fitness.This section is based on the principle that is the duty of the buyer to satisfy himself that the goods to be bargained are fit to his purpose rather it is saleable, or if, the buyer purchases the goods for specific purpose it is his duty to ensure before the purchase that the goods in sale are suitable for the particular purpose, including the quality or fitness for the particular purpose. To fit within Section 16(1) of the Act, the following conditions are to be satisfied: -if the buyer had made known to the seller the purpose of his purchase, and -the buyer relied on the seller’s skill and judgement, and -seller’s business to supply goods of that description Giving an illustration: A’ purchased a hot water bottle from a chemist. The bottle burst and injured his wife.Held, breach of condition as to fitness was committed and thus chemist was liable for refund of price and the damages. Condition As To Merchantability: This condition is implied only where the sale is by description and the goods should be of ‘merchantable quality’ i. e. the goods must be such as are reasonably saleable under the description by which they are known in the market. Section 16(3) of the Act which provides that â€Å"An implied warran ty or condition as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade†. It is very clear that in commercial transactions in respect of particular trade usage and custom there would be an implied warranty or condition as to quality or fitness.Thus, custom and usage is admissible to annex incidents to written contracts, in matters with respect ot which they are silent. In such matters the parties make reference to there known usages. In Jones Vs Bowden , where it was usual in the sale by auction of drugs, if they were sea-damaged, to express that in the seller’s catalogue. The seller in this case exhibited samples of the quality, but did not disclose that they were sea-damaged. It was held that this was equivalent to saying that they were not sea-damaged. Thus, this exception is contained in the illustrated case, but, custom and usage which affect the parties, should not be unreasonable.The custom should not be inconsistent with the expres s terms of the contract. Thus, while dealing with the implied conditions under section 16(2) and Section 16(3) of the Act, the quality or fitness of goods for a particular purpose is determined by the usage of trade and annexed to the contract of sale. Section 16(4) of the Act provides that, â€Å"An express warranty or condition does not negative a warranty or condition implied by this Act unless inconsistent therewith†. It is at he option of the parties to include any express warranties or conditions during contract of sale, however, such warranties or conditions should not be contrary to any warranties or conditions implied by the Act.The express terms of contract would not be inconsistent with the implied conditions. Thus, the goods passed by inspection of East India Company, did not exclude merchantableness. Condition as to Wholesomeness: The Sale of goods Act has provided no separate section with respect to the matter of wholesomeness. In the case of eatables and provis ions, in addition to the implied condition as to merchantability, there is another implied condition that the goods shall be wholesome. In other words, the goods must be free from any defect which make them unfit for human consumption. In Frost Vs Aylesbury Dairy & Co. Ltd. , case milk was supplied by a milk dealer and A went to him and bought milk for family use.The milk dealer assured that the milk was free from the germs of disease. But the milk contained germs of typhoid and buyer’s wife died. The milk as not being fit for use, the milk dealer was held liable for damages. Sale by sample(Section 17): In a contract of sale by sample, there is an implied condition that- a)The bulk shall correspond with the sample in quality; b)The buyer shall have a reasonable opportunity of comparing the bulk with the sample, and c)The goods shall be free from any defect rendering them un-merchantable, which would not be apparent on reasonable examination of the sample. Example: A company s old certain shoes made of special sole by sample for the French Army.The shoes were found to contain paper not discoverable by ordinary inspection. Held, the buyer was entitled to the refund of the price plus damages. Sale by sample as well as by description: Where the goods are sold by sample as well as by description the implied condition is that the bulk of the goods supplied must correspond both with the sample and the description. In case the goods correspond with the sample but don’t tally with the description or vice versa, the buyer can repudiate the contract. Giving an illustration: A agreed with B to sell certain oil described as refined rape seed oil, warranted only equal to sample. The goods tendered were equal to sample, but contained a mixture of hemp oil.B can reject the goods. Implied Warranties: A condition may reach to the level of a warranty in cases where buyer is content with his right of damages or cannot reject the goods. The examination of Section 14 a nd 16 of the Sale of Goods Act, 1930 disclosed the following implied warranties: Warranty as to undisturbed possession[Section 14(b)]: An implied warranty that the buyer shall have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods. That is to say, if the buyer having got possession of the goods, is later on disturbed in his possession, he is entitled to sue the seller for the breach of the warranty. In Mason Vs Burmingham , A purchased a second hand typewriter from B.B spent money to repair it to bring it in order. As the typewriter was a stolen one. A was compelled to return the same to its true owner. It was held that B had made a breach of warranty implied in a contract of sale of goods that the buyer should have and enjoy quiet possession of the goods. A was entitled to recover the sum given to B and also the repair charges from B. Warranty of freedom from Encumbrances[section 14(c)]: An implied warranty that the goods shall be free from any charge or encumbrance in favour of any third pa rty not declared or known to the buyer before or at the time the contract is entered into. In Niblett Vs Confectioner’s Materials Co. on a sale of 3000 tins of preserved milk labelled ‘Nissly brand’, the customs authorities destroyed the labels on the ground of an infringement of a trade mark and handed the tins without labels. It was held that the buyer could either reject the goods or claim damages on the basis of the reduced sale value. Disclosure of dangerous nature of goods: There is an implied warranty on the part of the seller in case of the goods, inherently dangerous or they are likely to be dangerous to the buyer and the buyer is ignorant of the danger, the seller must warn the buyer of the probable danger. If there is breach of this warranty, the seller will be liable in damages.In Clarke Vs Army and Navy Co-operative Society ,C purchases a tin of disinfectant powder from A. A knows that the lid of the tin is defective and if opened without care it may be dangerous, but tells nothing to C. As C opens the tin causes injury. A is liable in damages to C as he should warned C of the probable danger. Warranty as to quality or fitness by usage of trade: As per section 16(3) of the Act, an implied warranty as to quality or fitness for a particular purpose may be annexed by the usage of trade. In Jones Vs Bowden a warranty against sea water damage was recognized on the score of trade usage. Giving an illustrations: A drugs was sold by an auction and according to the usage of trade.It was to disclose in advance any sea-damage, otherwise it will be taken as a breach of warranty if no such disclosure has been made and the goods found to be defective. EXCLUSION OF IMPLIED CONDITIONS AND WARRANTIES: In accordance to section 16(4) of the Act, â€Å"An express warranty or condition does not negative a warranty or condition implied by this Act unless inconsistent therewith. † That means that when the parties expressly agree to such stipul ation and the same are inconsistent with the implied conditions and warranties, the express conditions or warranties will prevail and the implied ones, mentioned in Sections 14 to 17 would be negative. An express warranty is generally obtained for extra protection of the buyer and not to limit the liability of the seller.In Baldry Vs Marshall, it was observed that in the case of the sale of a car and where the condition was that it must be reasonably fit as a touring car to such stipulation may added the condition as to its fitness for a particular purpose or as to it merchantable quality. An action may be founded in such cases on the covenant without need to rely on the implied warranty or condition. CONCLUSION: Condition and Warranties forms a significant part in the Sale of goods Act 1930, which mainly dealt from section 11 to section 17 of the Act. Every contract of sale contains a number of representations or terms or stipulations or statements regarding nature, price and quali ty of goods. The sale of Goods Act deals with two types of stipulations relating to contract of sale namely stipulations as to(Section 11) and stipulations as to goods(section 12-17).A condition is a major term which is vital to the main purpose of the contract, whereas, warranty is a less important term that it does not go to the root of the contract. Both conditions and warranties has express and implied conditions/warranties. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Agrawal, R. K. Legal Dictionary, Pioneer Printers, Agra, 21st Revised & Enlarged Edition, 2010 2. Dr. Kapoor, S. K. Contract II, Central Law Agency, 13th Edition 2012 3. Dr. Tripathi, S. C. The Sale of Goods Act, Act No. III of 1930, Central Law Publications, Second Edition 2010 4. Myneni S. R. , Contract II(Special Contract), Asia Law House, 1st Edition 2010-2011 5. Conditions and Warranty â€Å"http://www. lawteacher. net/contract-law/essays/sales-condition-warranty. php†

Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a fatal and progressive brain disorder named after the German physician Alois Alzheimer who was the first person to describe it. This is an age-related and irreversible brain disorder which develops and progresses over time. It affects the part of the brain that controls the memory, language, and speech of a person. Early symptoms include forgetting things that just happened, and the symptoms will get worse as time passes by. For instance, people with this disorder may forget their loved ones and may have difficulty writing and reading.They may not know how to do their mundane routines such as brushing their teeth and combing their hair. In the end, this disease will lead to severe and serious loss of mental function because of the breaking down and death of the brain neurons. This is a form of dementia that affects usually people 65 years of age and older. There are approximately five million Americans suffering from Alzheimer’s, and according to s urveys, this disease ranks number seven when it comes to the leading causes of death in the United States.The cure for Alzheimer's has yet to be discovered, but there are treatments and medications that will enable to control, minimize, and slow down its advancement. Medicines for depression and hallucination that may occur as a result of the deterrence of an individual’s mental faculties are also made available. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved four types of drugs that will help regulate the signs and delay its progression as much as possible. People with Alzheimer’s suffer from a deficiency of acetylcholine, which is a chemical involved in the communication of nerve cells.Cholinesterase is an inhibitor which functions to slow down the breakdown and destruction acetylcholine. It also produces more of these chemicals for cellular communication. Regular treatment will slow down the process impairment of a person's cognitive functions, and this is prov en effective for individuals who have early symptoms of this disease. BIBLIOGRAPHY American Health Assistance Foundation. â€Å"Common Alzheimer's Treatments. Alzheimer's Disease Research. 2009. http://www. ahaf. org/alzheimers/treatment/common/ (accessed July 31, 2009).Alzheimer's Association. â€Å"What is Alzheimer's? † Alzheimer's Association. 2009. http://www. alz. org/alzheimers_disease_what_is_alzheimers. asp (accessed (July 31, 2009). National Institute on Aging. â€Å"Alzheimer's Disease. † Medline Plus. July 31, 2009. http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/alzheimersdisease. html (accessed July 31, 2009). â€Å"What is Alzheimer's Disease? †. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2009. http://www. ninds. nih. gov/disorders/alzheimersdisease/alzheimersdisease. htm (accessed July 31, 2009)

“A Grain of Wheat” by Ngugi wa Thiong’o Essay

The idea that sacrifice is required before Kenya attains true nationhood, is one of a range of ideas – others being birth, betrayal, heroism and forgiveness – in the novel â€Å"A Grain of Wheat†, by Ngugi wa Thiong’o. It is conveyed through the words and actions of many characters (especially Kihika, Mugo and to a lesser extent Gikonyo), rather than through the author telling us, since the narration is that of a third person. Ngugi explains that sacrifice is needed for the greater good of the nation, and of the people. The author insists that all members of a community must individually and collectively accept responsibility for its growth and well-being. The person in the novel, who epitomises the theme of sacrifice, is Kihika, the past leader of the Movement. Kihika is, for better or worse, the leader most associated with the Christian qualities including sacrifice. Although at first he merely thinks of himself as a saint and a leader, he later talks, and is talked about, in clearly Christ-like terms. General R, for example, refers to Kihika’s death, as a â€Å"crucifixion†. Kihika believes in sacrifice for the greater good of national liberation, and regards it as Christ-like. This is emphasised when Kihika says, â€Å"I die for you, you die for, we become a sacrifice for one another.† Ngugi wa Thiong’o also uses the character of Mugo to present and convey the theme of sacrifice, through his death and betrayal of Kihika. Initially, the villagers of Thabai ask Mugo to lead the Uhuru celebrations, in recognition of what they take to be his â€Å"heroic sacrifice†, by housing Kihika â€Å"without fear†. This in fact is false, when Mugo was the one â€Å"that betrayed the black people everywhere on the earth†. Furthermore when Kihika at a Movement meeting in Rung’ei, calls for sacrifice upon hearing â€Å"the call of a nation in turmoil†, Mugo sits in disgust and thinks to himself â€Å"he could not clap for words that did not touch him†. This shows that Mugo is not willing to sacrifice himself for the greater good of Kenya, unlike Kihika. Mugo at the end of the novel opens his heart and repents, and his act of betrayal be ritually cleansed from the earth by his sacrificial death. Two more characters that the author uses to convey sacrifice in the book are Gikonyo and Githua. Gikonyo betrays and sacrifices his loyalty to the Movement, by confessing to the oath in the detention camp. He does this, in order to secure a quick release from the camp, and re-unite with Mumbi and continue their marriage. But this does not occur, as Mumbi betrays Gikonyo, by making love to Karanja the day that she knew that Gikonyo was coming back. Githua represents the personal effects on individuals of British rule, he says his left leg was amputated because of British bullets (though doubt is cast on this later – it is said he lost his leg in a lorry smash). Ginthua emphasises his sacrifice for his people and doesn’t recognize any benefits from the struggle because of personal misfortune. The individual dramas become more prominent as the narrative progresses, but the rebellion is its point of reference. Mugo, Gikonyo, and Karanja betray the cause of freedom in their different ways, but they also betray themselves, as does Mumbi. Through the guilt they suffer, they arrive at a point of understanding and self-knowledge, and so in the end, the novel offers a possibility of sacrifice, regeneration and birth. The connection between sacrifice and birth is first suggested by the title of the novel, which is explained by the quotation from Corinthian’s at the start of the novel. The presentation of the theme of sacrifice in â€Å"A Grain of Wheat† is put across through a variety of individuals. Kihika’s selfless sacrifice depicts this belief that the unity of the black people is imperative for the country to move forward. Mugo’s deed of treachery as well as his demise at the end of the book also helps putting across the idea of sacrifice in the novel.

Classic Airline's Marketing Solution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Classic Airline's Marketing Solution - Essay Example Classic Airlines is the world’s fifth largest airlines and has witnessed a steady growth in the 25 years since its inception. However, though profitable, the airline has not been spared from the challenges that affect airlines. For instance, increased uncertainty about flying negatively affected the stock prices which saw Classic airlines recording a 10 % decrease in the share prices in 2004. Its negativity has resulted in low employee morale where consumer confidence seems to be declining. Loyal customers also seem to be jumping ship and those remaining are flying less frequently. The airline has come under spotlight as a result of the seemingly mounting problems hence this essay seeks to identify as well as to define the problem bedevilling Classic Airlines. A problem solving model will be applied in a bid to try to address the airline’s current crisis. A close analysis of the case shows that there are both internal as well as external pressures contributing to Classi c Airlines’ current crisis. The airline is operating in a competitive environment that is characterised by rising fuel while it is already incurring high operating costs. In a competitive environment, it can be noted that the companies will be fighting for the same customers hence the one with favourable services is likely to appeal to the interests of many customers. Whilst it has been observed that competition is fierce in the airline industry, it has also been noted that a closer look at the profiles of the other competitors shows that to a certain extent, some of them have a competitive advantage over Classic Airlines. The major strengths of the three given competitors indicate that they are dominant players in the industry and they have a global presence and a strong existing network in different destinations they ply. It has also been noted that these players have successful loyalty programs in place which is currently a problem that is affecting Classic Airlines. Its c ustomer loyalty base is waning and a holistic approach has to be taken in order to revive its diminishing fortunes. Another notable strength possessed by the competitors is that they have worldwide brand recognition and they are likely to appeal to a large number of customers. There are also internal factors contributing to Classic Airlines’ current crisis and these include labour costs. The firm is paying top salaries especially to pilots and other employees while other competitors are cutting back pay on such professions. Priority is given to the needs of the workers and this has increased the operating costs of the airline. High salaries offered to the employees are not commensurate with the actual economic state of affairs obtaining on the ground. The stance to give the employees the autonomy to decide destinations through a bidding system is also a contributory factor to the current crisis being faced by the airline. The high operating costs have limited the airline†™s ability to compete for valued frequent flier given that it is now confined in a restrictive cost structure. Thus, as noted by Ben Sutcliffe, Classic’s General Counsel, the main problem related to this approach by the airline is that it has one of the highest labour costs which are likely to jeopardize its future. This has mandated a 15 % cost

Comparing two business plans Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Comparing two business plans - Lab Report Example It also reflects the key elements considered by both the businesses for achieving competitive advantage in the market. The study concludes with an insight into the recommendations provided to both the businesses for overcoming the weaknesses and challenges and maintaining their position in the market. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Analysis 4 Findings 7 Conclusion and Recommendations 9 References 10 Introduction The project deals with the comparison of two business plans. This would help in analysing of their strategic short term and long term strategies followed by their financial accounting control methods. This would further help in finding out the strengths and weaknesses related to the strategic business plans of the two chosen companies and providing suggestions based on the findings. The two businesses that have been chosen for comparing their business plans are Daily perc cafe and Watertower Cafe. Daily Perc Cafe is a beverage retailer. It is a breakfast and lunch cafe providing outdoor concept to the customers for relaxing and having fun (Rope-een, 2011). It implements the system which is very new to the beverage as well as food service industry for providing cold and hot beverages in a time efficient and convenient manner. The setting of this cafe has upscale scenery along with calm soothing tone for offering comfort (Foursquare, 2013a). The cafe provides the customers with a touch of home. The Daily Perc provides its customers with fine cold and hot beverages specially blended teas, coffees and various other custom drinks. The Watertower Cafe is full service cafe/restaurant situated in Sweet Auburn District in Atlanta (Foursquare, 2013b). The restaurant mainly provides moderately priced food which is highly influenced by the French and African traditions. The restaurant specially features a coffee house having desert bars, areas for live performances, magazines etc (Yelp, 2013). Analysis Strategic planning helps in achievement o f competitive advantage in the business operations by the management of all the operational, financial and marketing activities (May, 2010; Lientz, 2010; Hall, 2004). Through this planning process it becomes easier to overcome the challenges and achieve success in the market (Cassidy, 2005). The Daily Perc The Daily Perc mainly focuses on two market segments: a) the daily commuter and b) the captive consumer. The daily commuters are those who are travelling from/to work, out for shopping or drive, offering products and services etc. The captive consumers are those who remain in restricted environment which does not allow favourable departure or return when searching for refreshment because the refreshment is considered an integral element of the environment (Palo Alto Software, 2012). The cafe penetrates in both these consumer segments by means of deployment of the ‘drive thru facilities’ or ‘mobile cafes’ in most accessible locations. The cafe provides pre mium coffees in very little time than needed in order to satisfy its customers. The cafe considers four main points as the drivers which would help in the achievement of success. They are The best locations to attract the customers. Quality products comprising of fresh coffee beans, premium serving containers, clean equipments, consistent flavour etc. Friendly servers Finest Reputation created by means of word-of-mouth advertisements, various public relation and other

Western civilization class assignment (about 20th centrury)

Western civilization class (about 20th centrury) - Assignment Example iii) During the war, it happened that African Americans, women, and the Mexican Americans were able to find new opportunities in the industry. However, the Japanese who were living on the Pacific coast relocated to internment camps. According to Robert (143), the difference in the Allie’s visions of postwar Europe had a basis on the divergent intentions of each country that was involved. The Soviet Union intended to make Europe communistic. In this way, it would be easier for her to rule Europe. However, this was not possible as it portrayed a lust for power on the Soviet Union’s side. The United Kingdom also wanted the USA and Europe to cooperate with its ideas and policies but, again, this was not possible. Moreover, France wanted Europe to be free from the USA as was portrayed in her bid to establish the European Union. The result of these differences was the emergence of the Cold War, for instance, between the USA and the Soviet Union in their bid to have control over Europe. The Cold War saw countries like China and Japan getting closer to the Western countries to avoid the war-pact Soviet Union and its allies (Robert, 167). The independence of the European colonies came from the Cold War between America and the Soviet Union. There was a creation of new countries during this period with some full of natural resources while others desperately poor. This change led to the loss of interest in these nations by their European colonizers. The Cold War complicated the US support for decolonization though it continued with the war to prevent Soviet Union’s domination in Europe. All the US’ European allies believed that after their recovery from WW II, their colonies would provide markets and raw materials for the growth of Europe’s economy. However, the American government’s intention clearly showed that it was on the opinion of letting the colonies slip away. This factor

Exchange rate systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exchange rate systems - Essay Example The traditional debate on exchange rate systems focused on insulating properties of flexible exchange rates as in Friedman (1953) and Meade (1955). The subsequent literature showed that insulating properties depend on some structural characteristics1 (e.g., openness, capital mobility), as well as the types and the sources of shocks impinging on the domestic economy. The monetary theory of the balance of payments emphasized the differences in macroeconomic adjustment under fixed versus flexible exchange rates. One consequence of fixed exchange rates is that nations may not be able to pursue independent monetary policies. Specifically, an external imbalance has to be offset by a change in the net reserve position which can affect the domestic money supply. Commitment to a fixed rate also entails buying or selling domestic currency in exchange for foreign currencies at declared parities to satisfy autonomous changes in currency demands, which unless successfully sterilized, makes the mo ney supply endogenous.Another aspect of the exchange rate system is the different operating procedures of macroeconomic policies under alternative exchange rate systems. The Mundell-Fleming framework compares the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policy under fixed and flexible exchange rate systems. The textbook version of the model (e.g., Mankiw, 1997, pp. 308-323; Blanchard, 1997, pp. 250-267) predicts that under high capital mobility, fixed exchange rates render fiscal policy powerful in altering aggregate demand while monetary policy is impotent.

Web Searching as an Important Revenue Source for Various Online Firms Essay

Web Searching as an Important Revenue Source for Various Online Firms - Essay Example In order to assess and highlight the current web browsing trends, the paper compares the performance of different browsers and their individual and market performance as well. This comparison would enable to determine the most effective way to gain digital competitive advantage for Google Chrome. Our goal from the analyzation of these market shares to company perceived value is to be able to finally bring google chrome over the top and make it the number one most used web browser. We are in a position and ready to do this, however, first, we need to better understand what we can gain from this. We will be able to gain a better understanding of our competitors and their reliance on web browsers as a source of revenue for their company. Seeing as web browsers have almost no cost, this seems to be a very effective method of raising profits without raising costs. Since Google has a primarily web-based source of total income, it would be wise of us to increase this even more; this has been difficult in recent years seeing as how Google sells only the chrome book as hardware. This will give us a good idea of who may be a possible target for a business deal in which we are allowed to download our web browser as the default. As we are able to see from the numbers alone, we have been able to gain twenty-eight percent of web browser market share within the two years of our introduction of chrome in 2010. The majority of this share was at the expense of Firefox and Internet explorer who had held 32.7% and 52.4% respectively, at the time of our introduction. At the time, safari had only held 3.72% of the market share, which although halved by 2012, does not explain the significant increase that we have experienced with chrome. Currently, the market share for Internet Explorer, FireFox, Safari and Chrome are 34.6%, 5.14%, 1.39% and 28.24%, respectively; meaning that we are 6.36% of market share away from being equal to the market share of internet explorer.

Excessive Materialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Excessive Materialism - Essay Example "The foundation of America was built on the idea of being a land with endless opportunity. That opportunity was not only freedom to oneself, but also the opportunity to gain much wealth." (Jackson, n.d., para. 1). Each citizen's prosperity was a reward for their hard work and diligence (Wikipedia, The American Dream, n.d., para. 1). However, the American Dream has been dramatically redefined to reflect the excessive materialism that is representative of the crumbling moral and social core of today's world. The new American Dream, fueled by excessive materialism, has brought new and detrimental values to a society that has already gone astray. In addition, the American Dream as it exists today is more and more difficult to attain, because it is built on unrealistic ideals. As people work harder and harder to consume more and more, their lives are out of balance. In the quest for wealth as measured by purchases and materials items, their quality of life diminishes with the loss of fami ly and personal time. Excessive materialism, in trampling our esteemed and treasured American identity, threatens our individual well being, collective justice and ecological balance today and in the future. is consumed by consumers of expensive coffee, name brand clothing, chic cars, trendy hair cuts, cell phones, laptops, and portable video games. A large portion of people are talking on a cell phone and a larger portion of people look stressed out. The biggest and most obvious difference to me is how the children dress, talk, behave and play compared to even when I was young. In absorbing my surroundings, I realized that excessive materialism has become an accepted value in our society. The concept of materialism can be traced back in biblical history and literature. Mammon is used in the New Testament to describe materials wealth or greed and to personify a false god (Wikipedia, Mammon, n.d.). Webster defines 'Mammon' as 1) the false god of riches and avarice and 2) riches regarded as an object of worship and greedy pursuit; wealth as an evil, more or less personified (Websters, 1977). Lay not up for yourselves treasures upon earth, where moth and rust doth corrupt, and where thieves break through and steal: But lay up for yourselves treasures in heaven, where neither moth nor rust doth corrupt, and where thieves do not break through nor steal: for where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. No one can serve two masters, for either he will hate the one and love the other; or else he will be devoted to one and despise the other.

Genetic Modification Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Genetic Modification - Research Paper Example However, genetic modification is most common in plants than in animals. Genetically modified foods are developed for various reasons. For example, to improve the quality of some foods and to some other foods, it is done to prevent the chances of allergies after consumption. Some of the genetically modified foods include; soybean, tomatoes and corn plants as will be discussed in this paper, among others. Although the technology gives a lot of promises for consumption of these foods, there are however some risks associated with the technology just like any other new technologies (Buzzle.com, 2012). Soybeans The genetically modified soybeans are fast growing and resistant to pests and herbicides. This leads to increased production hence food security to the ever-growing population as compared to the traditionally grown crop. The fact that this crop is tolerant to herbicides implies that it cannot be affected by the herbicides once sprayed to the weeds. Therefore, the farmers end up usin g strong herbicides, which are sprayed only once in order to destroy the weeds. This does not require a lot of herbicides because the herbicide once used totally destroys the weeds resulting to reduced environmental pollution. Genetically modified soybeans are drought resistant and can be grown in places with poor soils. This means that the crop can withstand harsh climatic conditions as well as be grown in places with infertile soils where agricultural production is poor with the normal crops. By growing the genetically modified soybeans in such places utilizes the unproductive lands, earning the residents income. Moreover, this food has high nutrient content with more vitamins and minerals, and tastes much better as compared to the traditionally grown crops. This, makes them more preferable to most people than the traditionally grown ones (Anslow, 2008 & Buzzle.com, 2012). Despite the advantages associated with genetically modified soybeans, recent research studies has shown that the growing of genetically modified soybeans may lead to the transfer of herbicide resistant genes to non-target species like the weeds through cross-breeding. This will make the weeds become herbicide tolerant as well. Moreover, chances of cross-pollination to the unmodified crops are also high in such a situation. In many countries where genetically modified soybeans are grown, the genetically modified soybean product is not labeled, as manufactures fear losing customers, which may ultimately interfere with their overall business. This denies the consumers the opportunity of making their own choice on whether to consume these foods or not since the products are not labeled in the market (Buzzle.com, 2012). Apparently, as Anslow (2008) points out, genetically modified soybeans can thrive under any climatic condition giving high production with high nutrients and requires less labor since one does not have to use tillage in order to remove weeds especially in big acreage of land, bu t can just use a strong herbicide instead, to destroy the weeds. Despite these, the negative effects should not be overlooked. For instance, in the long run the weeds also turn to be tolerant to herbicides hence becoming ineffective. Moreover, the consumers end up consuming genetically engineered products unknowingly, because the labels are not included and this may lead to long-term health problems, which is not their fault. Therefore,

Studying in American university of Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Studying in American university of Kuwait Essay Established in 2003 by Amiri Decree 139, American University of Kuwait (AUK) is an autonomous liberal arts institution. Its campus is situated at the intersection of Salem Al Mubarak Street and Amr Ibn Al As Street in Salmiya district, Kuwait. In addition, AUK is a certified body by the council for private universities and the Ministry of Higher Education of Kuwait state. The administrative structure and educational standards are based on the American model of higher learning. The University strives at equipping students with essential skills for promoting critical thinking and value for diversity. One of the major motivations for applying at AUK is its educational quality and diversity. The fact that the medium of instruction is English, the university offers a serene environment for any English speaker. Consequently, students from around the globe can join, owing to the fact that English is the most widely spoken language. In addition, with its large garden enclosed by offices and classes, the campus design offers an open atmosphere for intensive learning. Apart from the design, its interactive and relaxing structures have greatly motivated me to study at AUK. This is mainly offered through pool tables and HD televisions found at a tent located at the main gate. AUK does not only offer curriculum activities, but also extra curriculum opportunities like athletics and clubs. Examples of athletics offered include, soccer, volleyball, basketball and table tennis, among others. Since the university values a multicultural and a lively campus involvement, students of different cultural background makes this a reality. Similarly, self-awareness and effective communication skills offered, leads to responsible, morally acceptable individuals in societies. Thus, I believe I will become a good ambassador of the institution. Moreover, the students clubs and associations play a crucial role in giving back to the community. This is through community service activities, where I can take part and at the same time create goodwill between the institution and the surrounding community. In summary, I am convinced that my relationship with the AUK administration will create a win-win situation. The modern facilities and the high-speed internet services do not only attract me, but will also make my life in campus lively and collaborative. The institution has IT developments that will ensure a rich learning environment. A wide range of degree programs offered in the institution creates a convenient space for diversity. Lastly, I find the university location quite peculiar. Surrounded by major malls and cafes with American style, the location is just one of a kind.

Ciulla Essay Example for Free

Ciulla Essay The first attempt for the new chief executive officer of Stratton Oil Company is to address some of the issues and complaints received for different difficulties with Stratton’s offshore oil drilling rigs. On his first excursion, he visited a rig off the coast of Africa, dubbed the Voyager 7, and what he discovered is the oil rig is really a small society, separate and distinct from the rest of the world. There are many facts for us to apply in this specific case, there is a very unfair treat between the two different employees in the Voyager 7, the first group are expatriates and the second group are African workers. The condition of living for both groups totally different. The expatriates are treated with many advantages in difference with the African workers. We can make different questions in this case, how an international organization is obligated to treat employees from different countries, what kind of policies are applicable to this case. I would like to say that there is nothing more important than treating everyone equally, this class of Ethical Consideration, is focus on teach us about ethic and moral principles that are applied at any place or organization. Human being is loosing the values, but we have to be ruled by the Word of God and there are principles to use to work according the mercy and love for others, Jesus called us for the sake of others, this is our first mission and I have to consider that we can work at any place in the market but I can’t forget that first I am a Christian and I have to do everything for the sake of others. This is the only way we can transform a society and transform what is around us.

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy

The Effectiveness of Benson’s Relaxation Therapy ABSTRACT A study to evaluate the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reduction of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers admitted in KMCH, Coimbatore Objectives of the study are, To assess the level of pain and stress among post caesarean mothers before intervention in both control and experimental group, To assess the effectiveness of Benson’s relaxation therapy on reducing pain and stress among post caesarean mothers in experimental group and to find out the association between pain and stress with demographic and clinical profile. Time Series design was adopted for this study. Setting of the study is OBG wards in KMCH, Coimbatore. Sample size is totally 100 post caesarean mothers. (50 in the experimental group and 50 in the control group). Non probability purposive sampling technique was used. Titler et el(2004) effectiveness model was framed. Pain perception level was assessed by using 0-10 numerical pain scale, stress was assessed using Hung’s postpartum stress scale. Intervention: Pain was measured by numerical pain scale before and after providing the Benson’s relaxation therapy for 3 consecutive days, twice daily. Stress was measured by Hung’s Postpartum stress scale, Pre test is done on the 1st day morning before intervention and post test is done on the 3rd day evening after intervention. Benson’s relaxation therapy is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. On comparing the pre test pain perception levels between the experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance in pre test 1 whereas it was significant in the rest five observations. Comparison of the post test pain perception levels among the experimental and control group showed that the ‘t’ value was significant at 0.01 level of significance for all the six observations of post test. Hence there is a statistically significant difference in the post test pain perception scores in the experimental group. Similarly, on comparing the pre test stress scores in both experimental and control group the ‘t’ value was not significant at 0.01 level of significance whereas the ‘t’ value was significant on comparing the post stress scores among both experimental and control group, thus proving that there is a statistically significant difference in the post test stress scores in the experimental group. Conclusion: The results supported that Benson’s relaxation therapy is a simple therapy of non pharmacological measure and is effective in reducing the pain perception and stress in mothers who underwent LSCS. REFERENCES BOOKS: Arenson., Drake.P.P (2007). 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A., (2001) Chronic pain after surgery, The British journal of Anaesthesia, 87(1), 89-98 Retrieved from www.soulstice wellness.com Madhavi., et.al (2013) Implementing Bensons relaxation training in hemodialysis patients: Changes in perceived stress, anxiety, and depression: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 5, Issue 9, 536-540 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Marion Good (2006) Effects of relaxation and music on postoperative pain: a review : Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 24,Issue 5,905–914 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov MasoumeRambod., et., al., (2013) Evaluation of the effect of Bensons relaxation technique on pain and quality of life of haemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled trial: Complementary therapies in Medicine Vol. 21, Issue 5, 481-486 retrieved from http://www.complementarytherapiesinmedicine.com Maureen Wimberly Groer, Mitzi Wilkinson Davis Jean Hemphill (2006) Postpartum Stress: Current concepts and the possible Protective Role of breast feeding: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, Neonatal Nursing, Vol 31,Issue 4, 411–417 retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Reynold, J. L (199) Post-traumatic stress disorder after childbirth: the phenomenon of traumatic birth: CMAJ,vol. 156no. 6 Retrieved from http://www.cmaj.com Sousa, L.D., Pitangui, A. C. R., Gomes, F,A., Nakano, A.M.S., Ferreira, C. (2009). Measurement and characteristics of post – caesarean section pain and the relationship tp limitation of physical activities. Acta Paulista de Enfermafem, 22(6), 741-747. Retrieved from www.scielo.br/pdf/ape. Soderquist. J, K. WijmaB. Wijma(2002) Traumatic stress after childbirth: Role of Obstetrical variable: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynaecology vol 23, No. 1, 31-39 retrieved from http://www.informahealthcare.com Tetti Solehati,S.Kp.,M.Kep.(2011) The effect of benson relaxation to pain intensity of post secarean section client in Sumedang hospital and Al Ihsan hospital Bandung: The Association of Indonesian Nurse Education Center. Retrieved from www.aipni-ainec.com Tobias Esch., Gregory L. Fricchione., George B. Stefano (2003) The therapeutic use of the relaxation response in stress-related diseases : Journal of Complementary therapies, Volume 9 (2): 23-34, Retrieved from http://www.medscimonit.com Varunyupa Roykulcharoen Marion Good (2004) Systematic relaxation to relieve postoperative pain: Journal of Advanced Nursing Volume 48,Issue 2,pages 140–148 retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Wadden TA,de la Torre CS (1980) Relaxation therapy as an adjunct treatment for essential hypertension: Journal of Family Practice volume11(6):901-908 Retrieved from http://www.pubmed.com Zainab Shaban (2013) Childbirth a traumatic event: Iran Red Crescent Medical Journal vol 15. No.3 177-182 Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. NEWSPAPER REPORTS: Sreedevi, K. (2011) Nov.26, C.S. pain. Retrieved from www.timesofindia.com UNPUBLISHED THESIS Ria Ann Kurian., (2013). Effectiveness of hand and foot massage on pain reduction among post caesarean women in Kovai medical center and hospital, Coimbatore. Unpublished M.Sc., Nursing Dissertation, KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore, The Tamilnadu DR. M.G.R Medical University, Chennai.

Military Essay -- essays research papers fc

Military Organizational Structure The Toad Military Organizational Structure Organization involves a intentional formalized structure of roles. People working together towards a common goal, but in specialized areas. The overall effectiveness of any particular association is directly proportional to the functioning of its members. As a firm increases in size the participants lose sight of the concept of teamwork. To maintain the competitive edge a corporation must remain flexible. To this end, varying styles of organizational structure have been implemented. Much of this framework is determined by the business type, goals to be achieved, and even the sociological level of advancement. Our armed forces today reflect this philosophy. Traditionally the military has used a rigid organizational structure. A well defined chain of command is used to delegate responsibilities, even to this day. Divisionalization structure was a common style to maintain a self-contained support and service center. As pointed out by Dessler, t his style requires more managers with general management abilities (401). Most subordinate's job is to follow instructions from the higher level (Adams 102). This behavior has been reinforced by a high level of discipline, required for battlefield operations. As technology has redefined combat operations, so has the organizational and management style changed. The military organization today is based upon a geographic departmentalization structure. A specific s...

The Need for Reform in Collegiate Sports Essay -- science university a

The Need for Reform in Collegiate Sports The current institutional structure of intercollegiate athletics is attempting to maximize educational quality and athletic excellence simultaneously. Each of which will inevitably impinge on one another. Universities claim that their athletes are amateurs who are attending college for academic achievement and play sports in their free time. This is an impossible task for anybody. Higher education has entered the arena of big business with its athletic programs and with it many problems have emerged for coaches, athletes, and the athletic system itself. There is systematic corruption. Exploitation and hypocrisy are givens in college athletics. Athletic personnel are mistakenly given the responsibility for academic integrity of student athletes. With this responsibility emerges at best indifference and at worst complicate the corruption in college athletics. There is a huge demand for reform. The critics argue the issue of amateurism versus professionalism in college athletics. They also disagree on the means in which reform should be instigated. Many look towards the government for answers while the NCAA would like to regulate itself. There needs to be resolution somewhere because the integrity of sports is in jeopardy. College athletes are expected to combine their athletic dreams with academic endeavors. Many athletes use college as a stepping-stone into professional leagues. College is simply a means to their athletic career. Charles Reed, a chancellor for Florida State, feels that the purpose for education is being lost to these individuals. Universities primary existence is due to an academic mission, not athletic entertainment. However, athletes are expected to practice 30 hours a week, attend at the minimum 12 hours of class, do homework, study for exams, travel to out of town games, and have some kind of a social life. To meet the needs of athletes, universities have lowered their academic standards and programs. Athletes are often clustered into classes that they have the best chance of passing. The goal of striving towards academic integrity has shifted from the best education to the easiest one. Raymie McKerrow, a professor, seems to think this is not all negative. She says that sports ar e an educational entity in their own right. Sports teach, â€Å"enduring values of challenge and response, teamwo... ...the state graduate with me from high school, but he did not attend college. He couldn’t read or write. Even at the high school level teachers and coaches were shuffling him along to keep him eligible. This cannot be allowed. Teachers must be held accountable. Shannon Brownlee also recognizes the failure of middle and high schools. I agree with Tom McMillen that the NCAA cannot regulate itself. It has been trying for years, but nothing ever seems to truly change. The NCAA has proposed strong bills such as Proposition 8 and then passed a weaker version. They passed regulations that limit summer play for football and then schedule a Pigskin Classic for August. They say that they are in favor of academia, but slate games across the country in the middle of the school week. I feel that they are hypocritical in their actions and become part of the problem. There is very little research on actual reform programs. Those that have been implemented are on paper only. This is not a new idea, but the amount of money and popularity generated by this enterprise has overshadowed any progress. The only test for current reforms lies in the future. Only time can tell what that will hold.

TH :: essays research papers

Needs completing The Tommy Hilfiger Corporation, through its subsidiaries, designs, sources and markets men's and women's, and children’s clothing under the Tommy Hilfiger trademarks. The Tommy Hilfiger Corporations major product is clothing which is broken into two major product categories men’s and women’s clothing. Tommy Hilfiger has an aggressive market development strategy with diversifying and pursuing markets that are already carried by the company. The company has taken their success in the U.S and found comparable markets overseas with a great deal of success. The company is strongest in the US because of sheer volumes. They are the fastest growing in Europe. They are also the No 1 designer brand in Central America, South America and Canada. The company holds steady in the top ten in Japan with lots of competition. The business is also strong in South-East Asian markets like Hong Kong, Taiwan, Korea, and Singapore. Tommy Hilfiger is currently setting up all over China and considers India its new horizon. The company’s market development is strong and growing with each quarterly report. They offer new products to existing target markets worldwide and are also exploring the involvement in products without the Tommy Hilfiger namesake. Through a range of strategic licensing agreements, the Company offers a broad array of related apparel, accessories, footwear, fragrance and home furnishings. The Company's products can be found in leading department and specialty stores throughout the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Central and South America, Japan, Hong Kong and other countries in the Far East, as well as the Company's own network of specialty and outlet stores in the United States, Canada and Europe. www.tommyhilfiger.com   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tommy Hilfiger has a competitive advantage compared to its competitors. There product mix is what gives them the advantage on competitors like Sean John, Phat Pharm, Ecko and Enyce. With other competitors like Nautica and Polo, they compete on similar grounds, but lead them with the shear diversity of their product mix. Both Polo and Ralph Lauren are legendary brands, but Tommy Hilfiger has done and outstanding job with micromarketing and appealing to the core of fashion buyers. Tommy Hilfiger leaves his urban competition behind with his strong International markets and the ability to open new markets where fashion has not been a top sale. Within the volatile industry of fashion, Tommy Hilfiger is seen as a much more stable brand. Their product appeals to a larger segment of the U.

??the Breakdown of Immune System

The Breakdown of Immune System Andy 1131400011 English? Liver Pool 2012. 10. 19 Diseases always suddenly burst into people’s lives and leave long-term scars for these patients. There are many diseases are so serious that have global influence in human history. As the article The Evolution and Breakdown of Immune System wrote, â€Å"The breakdown of immune system is one of the most frequent and dangerous diseases all over the world. (Jonsson, Brokstad, Hansen, Davies & Ulevestad, 2002)† It not only influences the patients, but impacts their families, and even worse, they may become the burden of the whole society.Every patient really suffers lots of pain when they fight with these kinds of diseases. They will simply influence your immune system, the guardian of your body, even destroy it. Patients may get sick and find it hard to recover once there have some disturbance come from the outside environment. AIDS is one of the most influential diseases of them. According to the dates from UNAIDS, in2010, there are totally 33. 3 million people who suffer lots of pain for AIDS in the earth (UNAIDS, 2010).People who get AIDS will become unbelievably vulnerable and can only lengthen their life under some medical help. The influence of these kinds of diseases will expand from personal to social. Patients’ families are the first who will bear the torture of worries and sadness. Immune system is hard to rebuild after break down so the patients’ families have to pay money for their treatment endlessly. Once they do not have enough money, the patient can only wait for the end of the life, which will bring families huge pain.Only in Africa, 23 million people who died because of AIDS in 2010 (UNAIDS, 2010). And there are millions of families suffer the hurt caused by AIDS. Not only the patients’ families will suffer a lot when they try to save the patients, the society also weighs down by the expenditure to treat patients. In 2009, US$ 15. 9 billion was used to get all kinds of available sources for HIV, but in 2010 there will have $ 26. 8 billion needed for HIV services, and the scholars said there will have a long period ncrease because of the growth of patients who is infected by AIDS (UNAIDS, 2010). Since extensive impacts caused by immune system breakdown, if we can find some causes of it, there may have some favorable change in our future. Based on its different causes, it is usually divided into three main parts: immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and hypersensitivity. Immunodeficiency is first type, which refers to diseases that can make the ability of immune system to fight infectious disease is compromised or entirely absent.Most cases of this kind of diseases are acquired but some people are born with defects in their immune system, or primary immunodeficiency. One example provided by Dr. Greenberg is the mix-use of things which can touch our body, such as syringe needles and toothbrush (Greenberg, 2009). So we s hould be careful to our actions in our daily lives. The second is autoimmunity, which contains diseases are caused by the failure of an organism in recognizing its own constituent parts as self, which allows an immune response against its own cells and tissues.It is often caused by a lack of germ development of a target body. The immune system may fight with each other regardless of the corporations. Some scientists regard overstress and overwork as two main reasons of these kinds of diseases (Clare, 2003). It means the irregular living style may lead to the breakdown of the immune system. Lastly is hypersensitivity. It refers to undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system, including allergies. Many of them are caused by unhealthy living habits in our daily lives (Allen, 1999).Maybe some people always eat a lot once they find something is delicious, maybe they spend too much time in a certain environment, all these may cause the breakdown of our immune system. After w e are aware of the bad influences of immune system breakdown on patients, families and society; after we research and trace its causes and divide them into three main types, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity and hypersensitivity, we really hope that the breakdown of the immune system will leave less pain on people’s lives.But unfortunately, immune system breakdown is still one of the most destructive diseases in the world. Word count: 718 words Reference 1) JONSSON, R. R. , BROKSTAD, K. , HANSEN, T. T. , DAVIES, T. T. , & ULVESTAD, E. E. (2002). The Evolution and Breakdown of the Immune System: Implications for Development of Autoimmune Diseases*. Scandinavian Journal Of Immunology, 56(3), 323-326. doi:10. 1046/j. 1365-3083. 2002. 01158. x 2) Greenberg, S. (2009, 2). Immunodeficiency. Retrieved from http://www. utoronto. a/kids/Immunodeficiency. htm 3) UNAIDS. (2010, 12 23). The fact sheet on HIV for global report use. Retrieved from http://www. unaids. org/documents/20101123_FS _Global_em_en. pdf 4) Clare, A. (2003). The stranger within. New Scientist, 180(2421), 34. Retrieved from http://www. katewerk. com/chimera. html 5) Allen, C. (1999). Delayed type hypersensitivity: Current theories with an historic perspective. Dermatology Online Journal, 5(1), 7. Retrieved from http://dermatology. cdlib. org/DOJvol5num1/reviews/black. html

What Goals Are We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? Essay

Alternative sentencing Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the recent years, use of other alternative options of sentences apart from incarceration is being advocated in United States and Canada among other countries as a way of solving the issue of congestion in prisons. Therefore, use of alternative sentencing will help in stabilizing the prison populations. Criminal sentencing should help in punishing and rehabilitating the criminal offenders so as to deter them from taking part in criminal activities again in the future. However, the prisons tend to focus more on punishing the offenders instead of rehabilitating them so as to change their behaviors. This reason has made the alternative sentencing options to be advocated so as to help in rehabilitating those offenders. Some alternative sentencing options which includes the punishments which are fairly innovative, involves requiring the offenders to stay at home under the house arrest, attending alcohol or drug treatment program, teaching cla sses or giving lectures concerning dangers of the criminal behavior, attending the weekend jail time, and installing the breathalyzer devices in personal cars, thus, ensuring that the cars only start when the offenders are not under alcohol influence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Such sentencing options have many practical implications such as reducing the populations in the prisons, cost savings and effectiveness among other implications. Religion also condemns all manner of criminal evils that are carried out by the offenders. According to the Christianity, the bible clearly explains various evils and also ways of deterring from carrying out those criminal activities. According to Matthew 15-18, it shows how God is unhappy by those who commit the criminal activities. It states that out of the heart there comes the adultery, theft, murder, slander, sexual immorality and false testimony. All these evils make a person be unclean. American society is usually perceived to be built on values of Judeo- Christian. Torah does not advocate for the prisons and therefore it perceives the alternative options of sentencing to be the ideal way of punishing and deterring the offenders from committing such criminal activities aga in. Even in the Bible the offenders even those who committed murder were not imprisoned. For instance, in the land of Israel those offenders who committed murder were usually sent to the cities of refuge not for isolation, but for atonement purposes. In conclusion, the punishments of the criminal justice system should have positive results to benefit all the involved parties comprising of the victim, perpetrator and the society in general. Imprisonment does not serve the intended functions thus it does not benefit the victims. Prisons destroys families, inhibits the potential of the offenders, breeds anger, bitterness, insensitivity and the eventual recidivism. Therefore, innovative and alternative sentencing should be adopted as a way of solving all these problems which result due to the traditional sentencing. References Lipskar, R. S. (n.d.). Issues in Jewish Ethics: A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. A Torah Perspective on Incarceration as a Modality of Punishment and Rehabilitation. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Judaism/prison.html Miller, G. (n.d.). Why can’t God just forgive sin, instead of demanding justice?. Why can’t God just forgive sin, instead of demanding justice?. Retrieved July 4, 2005, from http://christianthinktank.com/whyjust.html Sentencing Alternatives: Prison, Probation, Fines, and Community Service | Nolo.com. (n.d.). Nolo.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/sentencing-alternatives-prison-probation-fines-30294.html What Goals Are We Trying to Achieve Through Sentencing? . (n.d.). Sentencing Options . Retrieved September 11, 2014, from http://www.courtsanddwi.org/mod4-faq.pdf Source document

Analysis Of Scientific Glass Inventory Management Finance Essay

The products of Scientific Glass include customized and specialized glassware for a variety of organizations such as pharmaceutical companies, hospitals, research labs, quality-control sites and testing facilities. By January 2010, a substantial increase in their inventory balances tied up the capital needed for investment for expansion. The debt-to-capital ratio exceeded the 40% target preventing the company to use their capital in other areas. Also the shipping costs were rising, competitive pressures were speeding up, and certain markets in North America and Europe were becoming saturated which underscored the necessity for capital investment for expanding market opportunities in Latin America and Asia. Moreover, expanding warehousing network increased the inventory levels along with costs, documentation complexities and errors. The company hired a new Manager of Inventory Planning, Ava Beane, to come up with an effective plan to manage SG’ s inventory without requiring a large capital investment. In order to finance operations in year 2010, SG requires an external funding of $53.8 million. These expenses would further limit the company to use their existing capital in other areas such as research and development and expanding to international markets. To improve customer service levels, SG had increased the target customer fill rate to 99% and added six more leased ware houses to meet the demand more accurately. This led to an increase in the inventory levels as some warehouse managers kept extra inventory in order to meet the company target fill rate. Good practices Maintained continued sales growth and higher customer satisfaction Produced creative products with lower life cycle costs Focused on durable products, innovative designs and superior customer services Reduced time between ordering and delivering the products to the customers Bad practices Treated inventory management as an afterthought, due to which inventory imbalances were increasing The company exceeded its target debt to capital ratio of 40% Incurred both underage and overage costs High Inventory Problem Due to increasing in customer service level, SG planned to add regional  warehouses in many parts US. SG has the main and the largest one in Waltham, MA, which is next to manufacturing plant. SG also has another warehouse that located outside of Phoenix, Arizona. However, at the end of 2008, SG bought other six warehouses. This means SG has the total 8 warehouses to serve customers. Annual rental and operation costs for North American warehouses were 15% of the cost of the warehoused inventory. However, in 2006, before add more 6 warehouses, SG already made investment to expand the warehouse at Waltham in anticipation of continued growth, but after these 6 warehouses had been bought, this warehouse does not work full efficiency of its capacity. Another problem of warehouse management is company expected to reach high level of customer service to 99%, so that warehouse managers keep order inventory ahead before it reach threshold of inventory level to order new one to assure that they will meet the customer service target level at 99%. This situation causes high inventory levels than required and also high inventory turnover. Moreover, salespeople were allowed to have its products up to $10,000 worth from ware house and keep them in trunk stock in their homes and cars in order to deliver this inventory on short notice to any customer who was within driving distance. This amount could lead to high finished goods in warehouse and in-transit. It could lead to missing products in inventory, and lost. Proposed solutions to inventory problem In order to solve the inventory issues, two main aspects need to be considered: Number of warehouses and their structure can be changed; Related policies can be changed and more appropriate policies need to be implemented. For changing the number of warehouses, in other words, centralizing or decentralizing warehousing functions, the different options considered are as follows: Centralized warehousing in Waltham: This option uses a single central warehouse near to manufacturing facility at Waltham and will send all customer orders from this one location. Centralized warehousing in Waltham to meet demand in Southeast and Northeast regions used the delivery service of Winged Fleet as their rates are cheaper for these two regions. This would allow SG to pool its inventory in one place in order to meet demand. But the customer response times would  increase Decentralized warehousing: This option considers more number of warehouses rather than having a single centralized warehouse to meet the demand better and reduce customer response time. Continuing with 8 warehouses: This option makes no change on the network of the warehouses and all regions will be supplied its warehouse if there is no stock-out occurs. Two centralized warehouses: In this option, the additional warehouse will be at the west at Phoenix and it will be supplied from Waltham. Demand of east region will be met from Waltham, demand of west region will be met from Phoenix and demand of central region will be met from both warehouses, assuming to have equal shares on the central region. This option may also consider including the warehouse at Dallas In addition to the main warehouse at Waltham. This additional warehouse would be supplied from Waltham. This would allow demand to be met for all other regions and prevent any stock-outs in a single warehouse. Outsourcing the warehousing functions: In this option, all warehousing actions will be outsourced to Global Logistics (GL) and distribution will start from main warehouse at Waltham and then GL will be responsible from rest of the operations. Outsource warehousing to GL to meet demand in the Central, Southwest and Northwest regions because shipping costs for those regions is cheapest with the GL rates. Outsource warehousing to Global Logistics (GL) which will provide a centralized warehousing in Atlanta. Goods will be transported in bulk from Waltham to Atlanta and GL would take responsibility of inventory-control and delivery to the customers. This way SG would not have to bear the warehouse rental charges and could focus on increasing sales and develop newer products to meet customer needs. Evaluation of the proposed solutions Having proposed certain options for inventory management, the evaluation of the different options needs to be evaluated using certain parameters to arrive at a conclusion on which would be comparatively the better option to be followed for scientific glass. Evaluation of different options will be conducted based on the following five parameters: Transportation costs, Average inventory levels, Time responsiveness, Fill rates and Additional costs and benefits Since all the products of scientific glass can be arrived out based on the analysis of its 2 products namely Griffin and Erlenmeyer, since they are mentioned as the best representative for a total of nearly 3000 products of Scientific Glass, all the parameters are analyzed for these products to arrive at a conclusion. Transportation Costs: Transportation costs for different options would be calculated for the two products, namely Griffin and Erlenmeyer. In addition, for each option, demand for the next year calculated considering the 20% increase in sales. When warehouse to customer shipments are considered average shipment weight of 19, 5 pound is used and to have an average transportation cost value, these two products’ costs are averaged according to their relative proportion in sales. Inter-warehouse transshipments occur only when stock-out occurs and as the numbers of warehouses are decreasing, effect of these costs will be diminished; therefore, it is only considered in the option where there are 8 warehouses. Option Transportation cost($) Centralized warehouse – all customer shipments are calculated for rates of Winged Fleet 12210, 16 8 warehouses- having 8 warehouses and making no change, from Waltham to all other 7 warehouses all items are sent by bulk shipment. Inter-warehouse transshipments are calculated by bulk shipment rates and they are considered only when a stock-out occurs, therefore fill rate is included in these calculations 2701, 41 2 warehouses – , when two centralized warehouses considered, it is assumed that Waltham will supply east region, Phoenix will supply will west region and they will equally supply the central region 2332, 07 Outsourcing – when warehousing functions are outsourced, assuming the 5 regions of Global Logistics (GL) will have equal amount of demand 2276, 83 To conclude, as it is expected, when numbers of warehouses are decreased transportation costs are increased. From the aspect of transportation costs, GL option has the smallest cost amount. Average Inventory Levels: The inventory policy to be used by the company needs to be decided. Begin with the review type; although firm monitors the entire inventory transfers from Waltham warehouse to other warehouses; they think taking physical counts of inventory at all warehouses. Therefore, it is concluded that company uses periodic inventory review policy. Company did not mention any due date, therefore the inventory plans should consider infinite time horizon. Though there exists a fixed cost for shipments from warehouses to customers; there is no other fixed cost related to transportation to the warehouses, i.e. no fixed ordering cost. The only order cost is $0.40 per pound bulk shipment cost which is a variable cost with weight. As a result, all analysis can be conducted considering critical ratios and the related fill rate values, which is the only option that is left and also it is considered as the most applicable to the situation. Since some of the simultaneous changes can be done, considering ce teris paribus principle and when fill rate is maintained exactly as 99% for all warehouses, we can calculate the average inventory level that must be kept at warehouses. Weighted-average biweekly inventory levels are found as: 8 warehouses : 98853 2 warehouses : 68034 1 warehouse : 59703 Outsourcing : 59703 When outsourcing option is used, it will be the same for the company in the sense of kept inventory levels for the one-centralized-warehouse option therefore they are assumed to be equal. As number of warehouse decreases, level of inventory decreases as it is expected. This is because, â€Å"the greater the degree of collaboration, the lower the uncertainty (standard  deviation of the error or coefficient of variation) of the demand model† This implies that the money tied up in the inventory decreases and this extra capital can be used in other areas, like expansion plans to international markets Based on average inventory levels, either single centralized warehouse or outsourcing gives equal results. Time Responsiveness: Delivery system of the company compensates 2 weeks of shipment cycles including the stock-out situations. In order to be a market leader, differentiation on this subject is also needed and unfortunately since this is not an exact quantitative scale, only possible situations could be mentioned. For having one centralized, or two centralized or 8 decentralized warehouse options, they all include at most 3 days ready to shipment duration and Winged Fleet’s delivery time of at most 3 days if there is no stock-out situation and the stock-out probabilities are diminishing with the aggregated demands. On the other hand, GL has 1-day premium shipment in addition to 3-day regular shipments. Considering the highly growing market situation and different segment of products, having different delivery times to different products and also to different customers will make this company focus on the most yielding areas. Therefore, it can be said that working with GL has the advantage of differ entiating customers/orders and, since there will be 2 warehouses, stock-out probability and related durations will be less compared to other options. And all of these aspects will increase the time responsiveness of the company. Additional Costs and Benefits: Quantitative issues to related to options of inventory management In order to continue with the current 8 warehouses total of $10M investment is necessary, it is assumed that all of this amount will be equally shared among all warehouses. Since warehouse operating costs will be the 15% of the total warehoused inventory, these costs could be directly compared with the annual average inventory levels that are kept in each option The amount paid to sales forces will not change when the company has 1, 2 or 8 warehouses because it is assumed that as the number of warehouses decreased, number of salesperson per warehouse will increase and total number of sales persons will not change. On the other hand, when warehousing is outsourced this  amount will not be paid Qualitative issues to related to options of inventory management. When GL is used for warehousing, SG’s senior managers will be able to focus on increasing sales, marketing issues and developing next generation of products. Stopping the practice of trunk stock could lead to a decrease in the time responsiveness and therefore it should not be stopped. Improving the controlling systems will create a better understanding of the current situation after the warehousing functions changed. Finally, when GL is used, the approach of warehouse managers to keep more than 99% fill rate and 60-day-supply will not be a problem, because all of these operating issues will be responsibility of GL. This will help to company not to keep excessive amount of inventory and less tied-up money in the inventory which can be used in other areas. Fill Rate: Company’s fill rate policy should also be calculated for the different options. The company replaced the earlier fill rate policy of 93%, which is only marginally better that the industry average fill rate of 92%, with 99%. However, there is no sign that the company is implementing this policy because it is the best approach that must be taken for the company objectives. Moreover, using a fill rate higher than optimal level leads to higher inventories and more money tied up in the inventory. Therefore, company should lower the rates down to optimal levels, if there is no other concern related to market leadership or customer satisfaction. To calculate the optimal levels of fill rates for all four options the cost items which are added to underage and overage costs also needs to be considered. The underage costs are 10% of the gross margin and overage costs are 0.6% of the unit cost of any product. Also it is assumed that unit costs covers all the costs such as warehouse rental and operation costs, cost of capital and inventory write-offs. For the three options other than outsourcing, there is no change in cost items, only the multiplied quantities are changed; but the outsourcing alternative eliminates the 15% warehouse rental and operating costs and 1% inventory write-offs. As a result, overage costs are decreased while underage costs are increased. Resulting optimal fill rates are as follows: 1, 2, or 8 warehouses Outsourcing Griffin 95.4% 96.5% Erlenmeyer 94.9% 96.1% These numbers can be interpreted in two different ways: If company is flexible about the determination of fill rate, in other words if it can lower the fill-rates from 99% to optimal levels, outsourcing option pushes the optimal fill rates to higher levels which results in larger inventories and more money to tie up. If the company still insists on keeping fill rate at 99%, the additional costs that must be paid to maintain 99% fill-rate level is lowered in the outsourcing alternative. Consequently, the better policy related to fill rates depend on the attitude of the company. Finally, another policy change about fill-rates can be considered. Rather than using one fill-rate for over all products of the company, different rates for different products can help the company in decreasing inventory costs related to, at least, for some of the products. Conclusion To conclude, since available options are studied from different aspects, it must be mentioned that the company should choose the alternatives and compare the results of evaluations according to their priorities. For instance, evaluation criteria like inventory levels and transportation costs are conflicting on interests. Company can see their situation and make decisions according to priorities. While assessing the weights for factors, it is considered that average inventory level and the transportation costs are the most important costs for the company. Then, the fill rate follows them. Time responsiveness is the next important factor which is followed by additional costs and benefits with equal weights for each. Changes in warehouse management are considered as options other than outsourcing do not provide radical policy changes which could make warehousing management better. These weights and the scores related to the investigations yield that the outsourcing the warehousing  function to Global Logistics is the best alternative among all. All of investigations and cost studies conducted are to find the most cost effective option in order to getting closer to the target debt to capital ratio of the company and provide more capital to fund expansion into new international markets while maintaining or even improving the high customer satisfaction level