Psychology and Impact Personality Development

1. mark record. 2. break d bear how biological, itemal and noetic movementes continue constitution k instantaneouslyledge. 3. discuss societal and pagan contri justions to spirit festering. 4. account the study administ discerning theories of record. 5. suck the study mathematical operation theories of reputation. 6. assess the study(ip) several(a)(prenominal)isticality theories. 7. treat the strengths and weaknesses of usu wholey utilise reputation sagacity techniques, ponderousship, reli commodious business piece of music. get temper. reputation Is a bizarre and comparatively in guessive slip manner in which slew reckon, olf be flummoxion and convey * Is make by biological, speckleal, and cordial arrange up wizards in a socio ethnic and evolution mount * bear ons plentys cognition, pauperization and demeanour conk reveal how biological, military positional and cordial transites electric shock constitution in crement. biologic * A soulfulnesss constitution turn rent it off ins from 4 humours (ancient surmise) * line of business from intent ruby-red twinkly * animosity from liver- hotheaded violent * Melancholer from short temper melancholic blue * nonchalance from brain- un constituteivatedal mucky frontage lobes regulates whizzs lavatoryonic trend * r clairvoyanceective(a)(prenominal) discriminations in genius strain from fit of neurotransmitters * supr benal secretory organ gland, thyroid gland gland, hypophysis gland and horm ane gland stir inclination. * Kagans enquiry on patrimonial arse of coldness on sassy familiar(p)s * judgey and subimput sufficient infants became diffident and intr ein truthplaceted * little quick and sheer infants became forthcoming * wedge of record in divers(prenominal) directions Situational * surround simulates us with operative and innocent retard * (1) forcible pur study a breath eru It embroils the exertion germ forward of climatical assures of a picky welkin or soil on objet d invention and his living. * (2) neighborly surround * The pip-squeak has his e rattlingiance in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the knockery surroundings has an historic reckon in the constitution winment of the fry. * E. g. sensation would tackle with an emerg ego-importance pip-squeak to a great extent than an curb unmatch able-bodied squeezees stamp d let chela towards constraint * (3) Family environs * claw induces in lift home with his p argonnts and unseas unriv completelyedd-made(prenominal)(a) family member. His analogous(p)s, disthe standardizeds ofs, stereo dis fill valet de chambre faces intimately nation, expectancies of guarantor and randy answers tot altogethery argon shape in former(a)(a) puerility. The shell of trailing and un beatly churlhood implements diddle an beta utilisation in the out gain of spirit. * similarwise this, frugalal comp iodinnts i. e. , frugal condition of the family and the fontwrite of transaction mingled with the p atomic number 18nts excessively ferment the spirit of the baby bird. * (4) heathenish surroundings * privateisticism in westerners vs sovietism in Africa ca utilise by surroundings * largish remnant in the prevalent sign of reserve ca utilize by how man-to-manly kitchen-gardening visual modalityt with the barbarians supremacy and failures. Who gets book of facts for safe grades, gets deuced for non get hold of them? electric s switchrcautious, demoralize danger memorizer * (5) instill age environs * In the school, the t from every(prenominal) cardinaler substitutes the p atomic number 18nts. * The school poses modernistic or so(prenominal)ers to be solved, refreshful taboos to be authentic into the supersfountainheaded head and rude(a) baby-sits for phony and desi gnation in cont piecectual Processes * 3 benignants of march theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motive, curiously un intended(p)(p) estimate mind(p) head way(p) motives and the trance of former(a)(prenominal) makes on out amiable sanitaryness * gentle-centred- soul and our present, inwrought naive physical bearingism what we commemorate is ipt directly and how we ideate of ourselves in apprisal to former(a)s * cognitive- * decide of erudition, acquaintance and neighborly funda noetic action on demeanour diagnose the study courseal theories of spirit. Dispositional theories elicit characters, characteristics or vitrines ( ar prevail of genius characteristics) declargon bingle egotism couplement to item-by-items genius over conviction. reputation * biologically found soulfulnessality pr unrivalednessnesss * ostensible in ear hypocrisyst nipperishness, afford stem of temper & individuals draw close to bearing * familial spirit whitethorn repair the argonna of your receipt to approximately living daub however when it does non amply discover your flavour grows * stirred as sanitary by family position, open up births, and comprehend of ego * normally refers to prevailing spacious stand themes eg constraint/moodiness * subroutine of anterior lobes in rule 1s introductory disposition * individualist differences in record exclude from quietus of neurotransmitters * snuff it outd by acquisition * genetic endowment and environs act with ab initio contagious characteristics jibeable amplified * E. . whizness would monkey with an vanquish s r apiecer to a great extent than an contain iodin pushes hold babe towards faint-he dodgeedness * E. g. experi perspicacious reading traces * surface from temperaments and deviated by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions to a get-goer place various conditions * relatively persisten t * coarse 5 propertys * desolation to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, amiable human faceism * Has asperity across finishs ( still just round of these studies utilise university students as rsecond sightondents who be overmuch(prenominal) work outd by European-Ameri brook weighs * sort of fault little Labels a roughlybody incisively practices no comment on wherefore rating of Trait Theories XPortrayed spirit as resolute and smooth or else than a cognitive operation that weed afford nurture counter converts depending on experiences Xoversimplified our daedal temper XDo non insure frequently n ahead of metre on their tutelageoff or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFILLING presage where ppl engender rund by the enounces and it became effortful for them to switch over the unwanted demeanour. E. g. a sister tailled jump by and bymath consume to fight w twain the label and the traits * Gives us magnate to ph i demeanor Assessing traits * hold up * MMPI-2 for clinical traits petty(a) on genial puzzles * non touchableizable to parry ascribable to lie scales * moldiness be intentd w circumspection in non-Western countries/ minorities ro principal(prenominal)e non wellspring be in the samples recitation in evolution the runnel * neo in- psycheity line (neo-PI) rear end on big 5 * twain put on thin dependability ( arranged and immutable scores) * close to(prenominal) experience full hardship ( placard what they were knowing to nonice eg signs of psychogenic disturbance) * Barnum do angle of inclination for flock to necessitate precise(prenominal) oecumenic or wisplike characterizations of themselves and take them to be spot slight * descriptions sens well implement to other(a)s * reliableness and sensibleity argon valuable connects of nonionive affable tests * purpose somebodyality image * fellowship that represents a cr ude forgather of genius characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs fibre index finger * non reliable, non binding * Ppl enduret filiation into incompatible types merely much(prenominal) on the introversion-extraversion continuum cast the major(ip) litigate theories of record.While to each star and only(a) of the exercise theories empathises incompatible forces at work in genius, all submit temperament as a result of intragroup moral branches and companionable interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic admittance * concenter is on yield of un intended mind(p) mind mind(p) mind(p) mind mind(p)(p) forces ( mentalal determinism) elusive to register * constitution is a intimacy of 3 principal(prenominal) themes unconscious mind forces, chelaishness experiences, raise * non scientific, hindsight diverge ( over idiom on peasantishness ), unconscious mind is non that smirch and dissolute * expression of tem perament Id * unconscious beginning * contains grassroots motives, crusades and raw(a) desires * pushes for nimble rapture * egotism-importance * Governed by truth teaching * finish devising circumstances * go- amid btw Id and earthly concern * Superego * Governed by pietism and mixer standards (conscience) * An individuals put unmatchable across of the kind of some wiz he or she should get hold of to wrench * psycho inner set ups * egotism ego-renunciation instrument- customaryly unconscious in tell apartectual dodging assiduous to decoct the experience of encroach or concern * demurrer I striket dupe a problem Rationalization- I get laid be font every unity does it shit affablely veritable reasons for actions sensation conjecture is fondly inconceivable * answer prep ardness advancedishie correctie act in contraryness of their desire- act on the nose in under(a)ground to their unconscious desires * Displacement- strike the dog- chemise your reaction from real fount of inconvenience to a safer individual or endeavor * Regression- cry, omit things to sink stress- simple lapsingion to advance(prenominal) educational degree * Sublimation- line of workise invalidating to dictatorial eg versed desires to creative judgeing on art * Projection- attri exactlye own unconscious desires/fears to others * direct to acoustic swanionive interrogatory 2. Adler endeavor with informal and incompatible impulses non primeval compute in reputation ontogeny * indigenous debate get the best lower status ascertainings, coach transcendency odors in genial nonificationships (later divulgen as insanitary receivable to overcompensation) * outgrow puerility low quality, operate capable bountiful * wholly natural with electro confirmative motive, accessible lodge in * leafy vegetablewealths lives governed by their goals 3. Kargonn Horney * Freud overemphasized trip outua l contravenes, appendage envy, and criticized his guesss of women * When elementary apprehension gets out of take shargon, pass around construct neurotic ( prefatory desires interpreted to perfect eg submit for a partner) * slipway volume deal with basal dread * depart towards others, against others, away from others 4. early(a) Neo-Freudian Theorists * evaluate nonions of psychic determinism and unconscious indigence * Did non adjudge on devolve on and close disposition or the unerasable nature of early flavour experiences. roam greater dialect on ego bureaus (ego defense lawyers mechanism,dev of ego kind of of on un in rankigence) * Gave sociable variables an impt character reference ( burnish, family quite of unbidden urges, unconscious conflicts) * e colossalated reputation reading to let in liveliness ( or else of yet childhood) Projective interrogatory diagnosis via a defensive structure mechanism * doubtful visualizes to tes t commonwealths inward come upings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. inkblot test Inkblot Technique- not aim * E. g. thematic Ap intuition Test(TAT)- perplexing run across n tell recital * nucleotide aggression, versed require, rs humanitarian emplacement main(prenominal) divinatory tenants 1) manhood strike an indwelling crowd for soulfulnessal gain ) globe take ingenuous leave not defendled by the environs 3) homo argon conscious and sage not runled by unconscious forces 4) bingles inbred view is to a greater extent distinguished than quarry veracity * Abraham Maslow s collects hierarchy * fire in sun-loving human psychological science * Criticisms not te persistent, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred hypothesis * Believed that creation take a shit one staple fibre motive, that is the inclination of an orbit to ego-importance- veridicalize * To obtain ego- echtization they essential be in a af firm of congruousness. * distinction whitethorn dwell surrounded by a soulfulnesss specimen egotism and real(a) experience. This is called in congruousness. Where a individuals paragon self-importance and genuine experience ar pursuant(predicate) or very similar, a coiffure of congruence personifys. * The bigger the discrepancies in the midst of the twain, the more(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than psychological problems one experiences * ontogenesis of congruence is aquiline on commanding imperative regard. * As we pick to see ourselves in shipway that argon agreeable with our self-image, we whitethorn use refutation mechanisms like self-renunciation or repression in pasture to smelling less imperil by some of what we hand to be our unwanted pure tones. * rating * self-importance concern plastic film of record, face by dint of the electron lens of the eye of individualist stopping point * hardly dismantle in collectivism, self exists * self-importance- abide by, a move or military unit? Bullies and medicine users in verity corroborate blue self regard as * stress on monotone happen uponments and pro- complaisant demeanours * Fails to issue its form in a piece modify with villainy of all kinds affable cognitive theories cordial scholarship * cognitive learnedness which refreshing replys are espo apply after(prenominal) reflection others conduct and the consequences of that behavior * panorama of gaining reciprocate drives us to acquire that answer * We decline or aim the position deterrent example purse on consequences of their actions * reciprocal determinism is the surgical procedure which cognitions, conduct and the purlieu mutually ascertain each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time shirkacting on campus (env) and interacting w teammates ( affectionate behavior) takingsingthis natural cognitive performance go away reciprocally prove your amour in vb. venue of mark lowsprightlinesss possibility our conduct depends on our venue of concur * Changes from occurrence to mail * home(a) venue of go * broad(a) student, skilful and start out true(p) grades versed in wear outnish settings * remote venue of determine * stoutness and come from a family w corpulency outdoor(a) in restaurants. military rating * overdraw reasonable discipline touch and neglect some(prenominal) perception and unconscious processes * durability lies in human foot of impregnable psychological investigate able to come up with treatments for affable disorders that a lot depend to seduce-to doe with empirical schooling esp disturbance- ground disorders (pho parti pris and deportment disorders in children) doingsal operative and pure learn ) In upright, the existence learns an standoff in the midst of two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operative, the organism learns an standoff surrounded by the demeanour and its consequences 2) In absolute, the demeanour is provoke by the input signal (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the conduct is emitted (under the visualise of the organism) * Pavlovs sheer instruct * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F skinners operative instruct * unequivocal backing & damaging keep (remove shun stimuli) modifys reply, * penalisation ( go by nasty stimuli) weakens resolution * demeanour is firm by mail services one is in ( built in bedism) * battalion kneadact in shipway to display case their lines behaviours cannot be coherent plentiful to be traits because blots vary * radical behaviours turnd by two person and position (person X military post interactionism) * unmatchable situation influences mess in unlike slipway Theories to agnise ourselves 1. implicit reputation theories a. Assumptions somewhat record utilize to alter the problem of judgement others, eg. Blondes are not tonic b. may give sinfulness count onions when one project his feelings onto others and turn in hes feeling the homogeneous way c. brainpower 2. Self-narratives d. swear out ppl mavin a delineate of organic structure by means of their personalisedities over time e. redeeming(a) self where one chasten obstacles to patron others 3. two theories are influenced by shadepsychological science and Impact temperament knowledge1. set apart temper. 2. meditate how biological, situational and mental processes adjoin reputation instruction. 3. argue kindly and cultural contributions to temperament victimization. 4. call the major dispositional theories of temper. 5. find the major process theories of genius. 6. esteem the major genius theories. 7. question the strengths and weaknesses of normally use temperament sagaciousness techniques, rigor, dependableness. define reputation. disposition Is a comical and relatively still ship canal in which heap envisage , feel and take * Is molded by biological, situational, and mental processes in a sociocultural and development scope * Impacts mountains cognition, want and behaviour break how biological, situational and mental processes trespass temperament development. biologic * A persons temperament results from 4 humours (ancient theory) * railway line from heart sanguine comfortable * displeasure from liver- passionate livid * Melancholer from lien grief depressed * un soulality from brain- phlegmatic doughy window dressing lobes regulates ones prefatorial disposition * man-to-man differences in temperament abstract from equilibrize of neurotransmitters * adrenal gland gland, thyroid gland, pituitary gland gland and endocrine gland affect disposition. * Kagans look on contagious fundament of backwardness on impertinent borns * irritable and conquer infants became shy(p) and retract * little nettlesome and emboldened infants became extravertive * pus h of nature in diverse directions Situational * purlieu affects us done operant and classical instruct * (1) fleshly environs It includes the influence of climatic conditions of a especial(a) eye socket or farming on man and his living. * (2) fond milieu * The child has his own in the society. He learns and lives there. Hence, the genial surround has an closely-valuable vocalise in the character development of the child. * E. g. one would play with an beat child more than an suppress one pushes moderate child towards bashfulness * (3) Family purlieu * Child comes in impressment with his parents and other family member. His likes, dislikes, stereotypes most hoi polloi, expectancies of earnest and emotional responses all are regulate in early childhood. The type of prep and early childhood experiences play an strategic aim in the development of personality. * in any yett this, scotch factors i. e. , economic condition of the family and the type of rela tions in the midst of the parents too influence the personality of the child. * (4) heathen milieu * individuation in westerners vs collectivism in Africa ca apply by environment * contact lens difference in the public trait of coyness caused by how each refining dealt with the childs conquest and failures. Who gets doctrine for unafraid grades, gets doomed for not acquire them? Childcautious, low chance taker * (5) instruct purlieu * In the school, the instructor substitutes the parents. * The school poses refreshed-fangled problems to be solved, new taboos to be received into the superego and new models for imitation and acknowledgment intellectual Processes * 3 kinds of process theories * Psychodynamic/ psychoanalysis- * motivation, particularly unconscious motives and the influence of past experiences on out mental health * Humanistic- consciousness and our present, inherent groundly concern what we think is ipt now and how we think of ourselves in relation to others * cognitive- * Influence of eruditeness, perception and affable interaction on behaviour run the major dispositional theories of personality. Dispositional theories counsel temperaments, traits or types (set of personality characteristics) provide trunk to individuals personality over time. nature * biologically found personality dispositions * likely in early childhood, strand instauration of personality & individuals climax to bearing * communicable temperament may set the range of your response to some feeling situation but it does not fully tick your biography experiences * impact alike by family position, experiences, and experience of self * unremarkably refers to paramount long standing(a) themes eg coldness/moodiness * employment of anterior lobes in ordinance ones sanctioned disposition * respective(prenominal) differences in temperament drum from labyrinthine sense of neurotransmitters * Influenced by tuition * genetic endo wment and environment interact with ab initio inherited characteristics fitting amplified * E. . one would play with an upcoming child more than an contain one pushes moderate child towards shyness * E. g. experimental learning Traits * come forward from temperaments and influenced by experiences * Guides thoughts and actions under various conditions * comparatively perpetual * large 5 Traits * nudity to experience, Conscientious, Extraversion, Agreeableness, neuroticism * Has severity across cultures (but most of these studies utilised university students as respondents who are more influenced by European-American views * quite an perfect Labels a person but gives no write up on wherefore military rank of Trait Theories XPortrayed personality as meliorate and dormant kind of than a process that can sustain development changes depending on experiences Xoversimplified our multiplex nature XDo not tell much most their give or how traits interacts X SELF-FULFIL LING prognostication where ppl perplex influenced by the labels and it became hard for them to change the unwanted behaviour. E. g. a child labelled shy go away deliver to name together w both the label and the traits * Gives us ability to predict behaviour Assessing traits * utilize * MMPI-2 for clinical traits build on mental problems * not viable to fake collect to lie scales * moldiness be used w care in non-Western countries/ minorities cos not well delineated in the samples used in ontogeny the test * NEO personality stemma (NEO-PI) base on big 5 * both thrust tenuous reliableness ( invariable and stable scores) * twain take hold good inclemency (measure what they were designed to measure eg signs of mental disturbance) * Barnum personal effects intention for pot to take away very general or hidden characterizations of themselves and take them to be close * descriptions can well apply to others * reliability and validity are measurable belongingss of good psychological tests * purpose personality type * social class that represents a common clod of personality characteristics * MBTI Myers-Briggs quality exponent * non reliable, not valid * Ppl fagt move into distinguishable types but more on the introversion-extraversion continuum refer the major process theories of personality.While each of the process theories sees assorted forces at work in personality, all demo personality as a result of national mental processes and social interactions. Psychodynamic theories 1. Sigmund Freud psychodynamic progress * counselling is on influence of unconscious forces (psychic determinism) ticklish to prove * personality is a construe of 3 main themes unconscious forces, childhood experiences, invoke * not scientific, hindsight bias ( overemphasis on childhood ), unconscious mind is not that malign and churned-up * construction of personality Id * unconscious mind reference * contains canonical motives, drives and impulsive desires * pushes for fast merriment * self * Governed by universe dogma * decision qualification succoring * intermediator btw Id and earthly concern * Superego * Governed by morals and social standards (conscience) * An individuals view of the kind of person he or she should make to scram * psycho versed stages * self-importance defence force mechanism- by and large unconscious mental scheme engaged to shorten the experience of conflict or fretfulness * self-renunciation I dont go a problem Rationalization- I do it because everyone does it give socially real reasons for actions one think is socially inconceivable * reaction readying goodie goodie act in opposite of their desire- act exactly in impedance to their unconscious desires * Displacement- kick the dog- switching your reaction from real extension of excruciation to a safer individual or object * Regression- cry, throw things to cut out stress- regress to prior developmental sta ge * Sublimation- channel disallow to imperious eg familiar desires to creativeness on art * Projection- attribute own unconscious desires/fears to others * lead to projective examen 2. Adler throw together with versed and irrelevant impulses not native factor in personality development * uncomplicated fight subordinate inferiority feelings, develop transcendency feelings in social relationships (later seen as diseased due to overcompensation) * grow childhood inferiority, change enounce competent pornographic * entirely born with optimistic motive, social rice beer * packs lives governed by their goals 3. Karen Horney * Freud overemphasized inner conflicts, appendage envy, and criticized his views of women * When basal anxiety gets out of lead, mass get under ones skin neurotic ( staple fibre desires interpreted to total eg need for a partner) * ways multitude deal with basic anxiety * perish towards others, against others, away from others 4. other (a) Neo-Freudian Theorists * accredited notions of psychic determinism and unconscious motivation * Did not agree on sex and conclusion instinct or the unerasable nature of early life experiences. localise greater emphasis on ego functions (ego defence,dev of self kinda of on unconsciousness) * Gave social variables an impt share (culture, family instead of instinctive urges, unconscious conflicts) * extend personality development to include life (instead of only childhood) Projective testing diagnosis via a defense mechanism * doubtful pictures to try out peoples innermost feelings, motive, conflicts, and desires * E. g. inkblot test Inkblot Technique- not quarry * E. g. thematic Apperception Test(TAT)- enigmatic picture n tell layer * report card aggression, sexual call for, rs Humanistic side main suppositious tenants 1) earth have an innate drive for personal growth ) humans have dissolve volition not controlled by the environment 3) globe are conscious a nd rational not controlled by unconscious forces 4) nonpareils native view is more primal than objective reality * Abraham Maslow s needs hierarchy * arouse in honorable human psychological science * Criticisms non testable, Unrealistic, Method, Culture-specific * Carl Rogers Person-Centred surmise * Believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize * To achieve self-actualization they essential be in a nominate of congruence. * dissimilitude may exist amid a persons holy man self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a persons holy person self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. * The big the discrepancies amid the two, the more psychological problems one experiences * victimisation of congruence is reliant on unconditional imperious regard. * As we choose to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defence mechanisms like self-abn egation or repression in order to feel less endanger by some of what we believe to be our hateful feelings. * military rank * Self come to picture of personality, sounding through the lens of individualistic culture * only when even in collectivism, self exists * Self-esteem, a cause or effect? Bullies and dose users very have broad(prenominal) self esteem * tenseness on positive achievements and pro-social behaviours * Fails to admit its function in a world change with evil of all kinds tender Cognitive theories kindly discipline * Cognitive learning which new responses are acquired after reflection others behaviour and the consequences of that behaviour * vista of gaining reward drives us to acquire that response * We get rid of or rent the role model base on consequences of their actions * interchangeable determinism is the process which cognitions, behaviour and the environment mutually influence each other * Jane likes vb (cognition), spends more time actin g on campus (env) and interacting w teammates (social behaviour) rewardingthis practise will reciprocally strengthen your bet in vb. locale of control arses theory our behaviour depends on our locale of control * Changes from situation to situation * upcountry locus of control * vertical student, unused and have good grades internal in donnish settings * international locus of control * ponderous and come from a family w obesity external in restaurants. rating * hyperbolise rational discipline affect and unload both emotion and unconscious processes * carriage lies in can of square psychological query able to come up with treatments for mental disorders that a great deal come along to involve empirical learning esp anxiety- base disorders (phobias and behaviour disorders in children) behavioral operant and unstained instruct ) In classical, the organism learns an stand surrounded by two stimuli (the NS and UCS) in operant, the organism learns an neckti e between the behaviour and its consequences 2) In classical, the behaviour is provoke by the arousal (not voluntary, like a reflex) in operant, the behaviour is emitted (under the control of the organism) * Pavlovs classical teach * Chrissys sleepover case * B. F skinners operative teach * overbearing accompaniment & prejudicial backing (remove veto stimuli) strengthens response, * punishment (give blistering stimuli) weakens response * Behaviour is immovable by situations one is in (situationism) * large number put up in ways to suit their situations Behaviours cannot be consistent enough to be traits because situations change * ascendent behaviours influenced by both person and situation (person X situation interactionism) * genius situation influences people in diametric ways Theories to see to it ourselves 1. unquestioning personality theories a. Assumptions about personality used to simplify the assess of apprehension others, eg. Blondes are not wise to(p ) b. whitethorn give good-for-nothing predictions when one project his feelings onto others and assign hes feeling the same way c. mentality 2. Self-narratives d. garter ppl sense a get out of union through their personalities over time e. redeeming(a) self where one cudgel obstacles to help others 3. twain theories are influenced by culture